What is the smallest parallel called? Degree grid of the globe
A) 1 B) 2 C)3 D)4
2. What are the coordinates of the easternmost point of Africa?
A) 16° S 3°E
B) 10° N 51°E
B) 51° N 11 east
D) 16° N 3° W
3. What type of climate is indicated by shading on the map?
A) Subequatorial
B) Tropical desert
B) Tropical humid
D) Equatorial
4. Which country is indicated on the map by a contour line?
A) Congo
B) Egypt
B) Somalia
D) Ethiopia
5. What conclusion can be drawn about the climate of Africa based on the fact that the continent is crossed by the equator and both tropics?
A) Africa receives a large number of warmth all year round
B) Africa is in the zone of trade winds
C) Africa has tropical and equatorial climate zones
D) All of the above conclusions
6. Which researcher made a great contribution to the study of Africa - discovered Victoria Falls, studied Lake Nyasa?
A) Vasco da Gama B) V.V. Juncker B) D. Livingston D) N.I. Vavilov
7. What is located north of the East African Plateau?
A) Cape Mountains B) Drakensberg Mountains C) Mount Kilimanjaro D) Ethiopian Highlands
8. In the southern and East Africa more than in North:
A) Oil B) Phosphorites C) Uranium ores D) Gas
9. In the subequatorial zone of the Northern Hemisphere in Africa, precipitation falls:
A) Throughout the year B) in summer C) In winter D) In September and March
10. In the tropical latitudes of southern Africa, more precipitation falls along the east coast than along the west, because there:
A) humid equatorial air masses act
B) cold currents cool the air and promote the formation of precipitation
B) In summer southern hemisphere monsoons are in effect
D) Trade winds bring moist air from the Indian Ocean
11. The deepest river in Africa, deep throughout the year, does not form a delta, it is:
A) Nile, B) Congo C) Zambezi D) Niger
12. Which lake is the deepest in Africa?
A) Victoria B) Nyasa C) Tanganyika D) Chad
13. What plant or animal is not typical for the savannah zone?
A) Hippopotamus B) Gorilla C) Acacia D) Baobab
14. What peoples live in northern Africa?
A) Arab peoples B) Bushmen C) Negroids D) Pygmies
15. Which country in Africa is the largest in terms of population?
A) Egypt
B) South Africa
B) Algeria
D) Nigeria
determine the latitude of Paris, Mexico City and the Panama Canal.
3. Using the map of the hemispheres, determine geographical coordinates St. Petersburg, Cape Town and Lake Chad.
4. Using the physical map of Ukraine, determine the geographic coordinates of the regional center of your region. (Donetsk)
5. Using geographic coordinates, identify objects on the map of the hemispheres:
a) the highest waterfall in the world 6 N, 61 W;
b) an island that has several names: Rapa Nui, Vaigu, but on the map it is designated under a different name - 27 N, 109 W; + c) an object that in 1856. discovered by the American traveler David Livingston - 18 N, 26 E.
The need to accurately determine the location on earth's surface itself and surrounding objects became especially relevant for humans with the beginning of active exploration of the planet.
Geographic coordinates - latitude and longitude - are determined by the intersection point of two imaginary lines - a parallel and a meridian. The longest parallel from which latitude begins is the equator.
origin of name
An imaginary line, which is formed into points located at equal distances from both poles, divides the planet into two hemispheres, two hemispheres. The word for such a border has ancient roots. The Latin "aequator", equalizer, is derived from the verb "aequō" - to equalize. “Equator” came into international practice from the German language, from Äquator.
This word has more general meaning. In geometry, a three-dimensional body, which has both an axis and a plane of symmetry mutually perpendicular, has its own equator, its own longest parallel - the intersection of the surface of a given body with the plane of symmetry. In astronomy, the celestial equator and the magnetic equator of a planet or star are known.
The earth is a geoid
The belief that the Earth is shaped like a flat disk was only questioned by ancient Greek scientists. By the end of the 19th century, it became clear that the shape of our planet is not just an ideal sphere, but a special body of rotation - the geoid, the surface of which is influenced by many factors - from the force of gravity to the “cosmic wind”. Two points of the geoid are determined by the axis of its rotation - these are the North and South Pole. At an equal distance from them is the longest parallel on Earth, the earth’s “waist” - the equator.
But the geoid does not accurately, but only approximately describes the shape of the planet. This is how it would be in the absence of mountains and depressions, if there were only a calm, undisturbed surface of the world ocean. This level plays an important role in navigation and geodesy - vertical elevations are reported from it for various technical and engineering objects.
Equator length
You can also understand which parallel is the longest by looking at the specific values of the geometric dimensions of the geoid. The radius of the equator, as a circle “drawn” along the surface of the Earth, equal to the radius planets. Precise measurements show that this parameter varies at different points on the planet - the polar radius is 21.3 km less than the equatorial one. average value- 6371 km
Using the formula for circumference - 2πR - you can calculate the length of the equator. Different geophysical standards define figures with a difference of about 3 m, on average - 40075 km. along the meridian - 40,007 km, which proves the special geometric qualities of the geoid.
Zero latitude
The coordinate grid that covers the globe - a visual model globe, - form 360 meridians connecting the two poles, and 180 lines parallel to the equator, distributed in 90 pieces to the poles, on both sides of it. The beginning of the longitude count since 1884 is considered to be the meridian drawn through the English capital located in the southeast. The longest parallel dividing the Northern and Southern Hemispheres is the origin of latitude.
Coordinates are angular values measured in degrees. Longitude is the angle between the plane passing through the prime - Greenwich - meridian and the one indicated by the line connecting the earth's poles and drawn through a given point. East of Greenwich to 180° longitude is called eastern and is considered positive, to the west it has negative values and is called western.
Points equidistant from the poles form the equatorial plane. A radius drawn from the center of the globe through a given point on its surface forms an angle with this plane, the magnitude of which is the latitude. The longest parallel has zero latitude. To the north of the equator this angle is considered positive - from 0° to 90°, to the south - negative.
Signs and rituals
The equator is just an illusory border between two hemispheres, but it has always excited people's imagination. Among the sailors different countries It is customary to observe special rituals when crossing zero latitude, especially for those who do it for the first time. Where the equator passes through inhabited areas, special signs and structures are invariably erected to make the conventional line real. Rarely will a tourist miss the opportunity to stand with one foot in Yuzhny and the other in Yuzhny. After this, it is impossible to forget what the longest parallel on the globe is called.
But the equatorial zones of the Earth also have other unique characteristics that give them special value. The gravitational attraction here is slightly less than in other latitudes, and the momentum of the rotation of the globe is greater. This allows significant savings for launching spacecraft into orbit. It is no coincidence that the most efficient space launch complex, the Kourou cosmodrome, is located in equatorial French Guiana, on the South American coast.
Globe is a model of the globe. It clearly shows how the oceans, continents and others are located geographical features. The globe maintains the same scale in all directions, and therefore the image is more accurate than on a map.
The scale must be indicated on a globe or map. It shows the degree to which the sizes of objects and the distances between them are reduced in comparison with the true sizes and distances on the ground. For example, a scale of 1:50,000,000 (one part of fifty million) means that the reduction is 50 million times, that is, 1 cm on a globe or map corresponds to 500 km on the ground.
But globes have a major drawback: they are always on a small scale. If we wanted to make a globe the same size as physical map(1: 5000 000, that is, 1 cm - 50 km), then its diameter would be almost 2.5 m. It is inconvenient to use such a globe.
1. Modern globe. 2. Examples of scales. 3. The surface of the globe, cut into strips along the meridians: distortions are inevitable on a map compiled in this way.
Distances on the globe are determined using a flexible ruler, strip of paper or thread.
On ordinary school globes it is impossible to depict small details in the outlines of continents, in the structure of river networks, mountain ranges, etc. Many states (for example, Denmark, Belgium, Portugal) are depicted with such small figures that there is barely enough space for one circle - symbol of the capital. Therefore, geographic maps are created, on which part of the earth's surface is depicted on a larger scale than on the globe.
If you look at the globe, you can see many thin lines on it. Some run from top to bottom from the North Pole to the South Pole and are called meridians. On the globe and maps they indicate the direction of north and south. Other lines, perpendicular to the meridians, seem to encircle the globe. These are parallels. On maps and the globe they are used to determine the direction to the west and east. The parallels are not equal in length. The longest parallel is the equator, the shortest are located near the poles.
1-2. Meridians and parallels are conventional lines on the globe and map. 3. Degree network. 4. Determination of the directions “north - south” along the meridian. 5. Determination of the directions “west - east” along the parallel.
Both parallels and meridians are conventional lines. They are needed in order to determine the location of geographic objects by geographic coordinates.
Questions and tasks
- What is a globe?
- How is it different from a map? Find in the text of the paragraph the answer to the question: what is the main advantage of a globe compared to a geographical map?
- What is the purpose of indicating scale on a globe and map?
- Why are parallels and meridians needed?
- Explain the geographical meaning of the word "orientate".
- Have you ever wondered what geographical object is located in another hemisphere in a place diametrically opposite to where your city is located? Find it on the globe and describe it according to plan:
- what he really is;
- what is the name of;
- where it is located: in what climatic and time zones it is located, what geographical objects are in the neighborhood.
- Find the intersection of the equator and the prime meridian.
- Select from the list character traits parallels:
- have the shape of a circle;
- carried from pole to pole;
- they determine the direction “west - east”;
- all the same length.
If our planet is “cut” through the axis of rotation and perpendicular to it by many planes, then vertical and horizontal circles - meridians and parallels - will appear on the surface.
The meridians will converge at two points - on the North and South Poles. Parallels, as the name suggests, are parallel to each other. Meridians are used to measure longitude, parallels - latitude.
An action so simple at a superficial glance - “ruling” the Earth - has become greatest discovery in planetary exploration. It made it possible to use coordinates and accurately describe the location of any object. Without parallels and meridians it is impossible to imagine a single map or a single globe. And they were invented... in the 3rd century BC by the Alexandrian scientist Eratosthenes.
Reference. Eratosthenes had encyclopedic knowledge in all areas at that time. He was in charge of the legendary Library of Alexandria, wrote the work “Geography” and became the founder of geography as a science, compiled the first map of the world and covered it with a degree grid of verticals and horizontals - he invented a coordinate system. He also introduced names for lines - parallel and meridian.
Meridian
In geography, a meridian is half a sectional line of the earth's surface drawn through any point on the surface. All imaginary meridians, of which there can be an infinite number, connect at the poles - North and South. The length of each of them is 20,004,276 meters.
Although you can mentally draw as many meridians as you like, for ease of movement and mapping, their number and location have been regulated by international treaties. In 1884, at the International Meridian Conference in Washington, it was decided that the prime meridian (zero) would be the one that passes through Greenwich, a county in southeast London.
However, not everyone immediately agreed with this decision. For example, in Russia, even after 1884 until the beginning of the twentieth century prime meridian considered their own - Pulkovsky: it “passes” through the Round Hall of the Pulkovo Observatory.
Prime Meridian
The prime meridian is the reference point of geographic longitude. He himself, accordingly, has zero longitude. This was the case before the creation of the world's first satellite navigation system, Transit. 
With its appearance, the prime meridian had to be shifted slightly - 5.3″ relative to Greenwich. This is how the International Reference Meridian appeared, which is used as a reference point for longitude by the International Earth Rotation Service.
Parallel
In geography, parallels are lines of an imaginary section of the surface of the planet by planes that are parallel. The parallels depicted on the globe are circles parallel to the equator. They are used to measure geographic latitude.
By analogy with the Greenwich prime meridian, there is also a zero parallel - this is the equator, one of the 5 main parallels, which divides the Earth into hemispheres - southern and northern. Other main parallels are the North and South tropics, the polar circles - North and South.
Equator
The longest parallel is the equator - 40,075,696 m. The rotation speed of our planet at the equator is 465 m/s - this is much greater than the speed of sound in air - 331 m/s.
Southern and Northern tropics
The Tropic of the South, also called the Tropic of Capricorn, lies south of the equator and is the latitude above which noon is at its zenith on the winter solstice.
The Northern Tropic, also known as the Tropic of Cancer, is located north of the equator and, similar to the southern Tropic, represents the latitude above which the midday sun is at its zenith on the day of the summer solstice.
Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle
The Arctic Circle is the boundary of the polar day region. To the north of it, in any place at least once a year the sun is visible above the horizon 24 hours a day or not visible for the same amount of time.
The Southern Arctic Circle is similar to the Northern Circle in every way, only it is located in the southern hemisphere.
Degree grid
The intersections of meridians and parallels form a degree grid. Meridians and parallels are spaced at intervals of 10° - 20°; smaller divisions, as in angles, are called minutes and seconds. 
Using a degree grid, we determine the exact location of geographic objects - their geographic coordinates, calculating longitude using meridians, and latitude using parallels.
And, well. parallel f. 1. military, obsolete A line of trenches, equally spaced along its entire length from other similar lines that are sequentially created during a gradual attack on the fortress. BAS 1. Siege trenches parallel to the place being besieged. Kurg. 1777.… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
- (French, from Greek parallelos parallel). 1) Comparison, comparison. 2) in military affairs, parallels are three trenches drawn parallel to the besieged place. 3) to draw a parallel between two persons or things means to compare them... ... Dictionary foreign words Russian language
PARALLEL, parallels, female. (from Greek parallelos parallel). 1. A line or plane that is equally distant throughout its entire length from another line or plane and never intersects with it (mat.). Draw a parallel. 2. Mentally carried out on… … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
See comparison put on one parallel... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. parallel comparison, likening, line, analogy, comparison, direct Dictionary of Russians... ... Synonym dictionary
- (foreign) comparison (a hint of parallel lines that are separated from each other at an equal distance). To put in parallel (foreign language) to compare, to make a comparison. Wed. How to put the European in parallel with the national something strange! Well, how... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)
PARALLEL, and, female. 1. In mathematics: a line that does not intersect another line lying in the same plane. Carry out step 2. transfer. A comparison, as well as a phenomenon, can be compared with another, similar one (book). Draw a line between the phenomena.... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
parallel- zhuykeli zhapyraktar. biol. Zhuykeleri parallel zhatkan zhapyraktar. Kabyr o s i m d i k t e r d i n g a p a p y r a k t a r y n d a g y y y k e l e r b ir i n e b i r i k a t a r las, parallel to the ornalaskan. M u n y p a r l l e l z h u k e l i z h a p u r a k t a r d e p ... ... Kazak tilinin tүsіndіrme сөздігі
parallel- A line of section of the surface of the globe by a plane parallel to the equator, on which all points have the same latitude. Syn.: geographical parallel... Dictionary of Geography
- (from the Greek parallelos lit. walking next to) terrestrial (geographic), line of section of the surface of the globe by a plane parallel to the plane of the equator ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Women a line parallel to (what), equally distant from another at all points and therefore never able to meet with it; equilateral, line oposten, side by side, oposten, ordinary, orderly, adjacent, canvas. The lines go like canvas. The devils are disgusted with... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
A machine part that serves as a guide; the cut is made in a rectilinear, reciprocal manner. forward movement other details. In a steam locomotive, for example, the P. serves as a guide for the crosshead during its reciprocating motion. Crosshead direction... ... Technical railway dictionary
Books
- , Pestich. Parallel between the fighting power of modern and former sailing fleets in connection with their cost: (Report made by General Pestich on April 8, 1894) R 432/495: St. Petersburg: type. book V.P.…
- Parallel between the fighting power of modern and former sailing fleets in connection with their cost, Pestich. Parallel between the combat strength of modern and former sailing fleets in connection with their cost: (Report made by General Pestich on April 8, 1894) R 432/495: St. Petersburg: type. book V.P.…