Examples of the relationship between the geographical envelope. Geographical envelope, its components, relationships between them

The geographic envelope is an integral, continuous near-surface part of the Earth, within which there is intense interaction between four components: the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the biosphere (living matter). This is the most complex and diverse material system of our planet, which includes the entire hydrosphere, the lower layer of the atmosphere (troposphere), top part lithosphere and living organisms inhabiting them. The spatial structure of the geographic shell is three-dimensional and spherical. This is a zone of active interaction of natural components, in which the greatest manifestation of physical and geographical processes and phenomena is observed.

The boundaries of the geographical envelope are unclear. Up and down from the earth's surface, the interaction of the components gradually weakens and then completely disappears. Therefore, scientists draw the boundaries of the geographical envelope in different ways. The upper limit is often taken ozone layer, located at an altitude of 25 km, where most of the ultraviolet rays, which have a detrimental effect on living organisms, are retained. However, some researchers carry it out along the upper boundary of the troposphere, which interacts most actively with the earth's surface. The lower boundary on land is usually taken to be the base of the weathering crust up to 1 km thick, and in the ocean - the ocean floor.

The concept of the geographical envelope as a special natural formation was formulated at the beginning of the 20th century. A.A. Grigoriev and S.V. Kalesnik. They revealed the main features of the geographical shell: 1) the complexity of the composition and diversity of the state of matter; 2) the occurrence of all physical and geographical processes due to solar (cosmic) and internal (telluric) energy; 3) transformation and partial conservation of all types of energy entering it; 4) the concentration of life and the presence of human society; 5) the presence of a substance in three states of aggregation.

The geographical envelope consists of structural parts - components. These are rocks, water, air, plants, animals and soils. They differ in physical condition(solid, liquid, gaseous), level of organization (non-living, living, bio-inert), chemical composition, activity (inert - rocks, soil, mobile - water, air, active - living matter).

The geographic shell has a vertical structure consisting of individual spheres. The lower tier is composed of dense material of the lithosphere, and the upper ones are represented by lighter material of the hydrosphere and atmosphere. This structure is the result of differentiation of matter with the release of dense matter in the center of the Earth, and lighter matter along the periphery. The vertical differentiation of the geographical shell served as the basis for F.N. Milkov to identify the landscape sphere within it - a thin layer (up to 300 m), where contact and active interaction of the earth’s crust, atmosphere and hydrosphere occurs.

The geographical envelope is divided horizontally into separate natural complexes, which is determined by the uneven distribution of heat on different parts of the earth's surface and its heterogeneity. I call natural complexes formed on land territorial, and in the ocean or other body of water - aquatic. The geographic envelope is a natural complex of the highest planetary rank. On land, it includes smaller natural complexes: continents and oceans, natural areas and such natural formations as the East European Plain, the Sahara Desert, the Amazon Lowland, etc. The smallest natural-territorial complex, in the structure of which all the main components participate, is considered a physical-geographical region. It is a block of the earth's crust connected with all other components of the complex, that is, with water, air, vegetation and wildlife. This block must be sufficiently isolated from neighboring blocks and have its own morphological structure, that is, include parts of the landscape, which are facies, tracts and localities.

How does the exchange of substances occur between the outer shells of the Earth?

1. Interaction of the earth's shells. Geographical envelope. It is known that the outer shells of the Earth - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere - develop in close interrelation with each other. Their main components are gas, liquid and solid substances, mixing and moving from one state to another. Therefore, in places where the shells come into contact, their constant interaction is observed. For example, let's observe the relationship between the atmosphere and the biosphere. Air is a necessary condition for the life of all organisms. People and animals breathe oxygen from the air, plants absorb carbon dioxide, producing organic matter. At the same time, the composition of gases in the atmosphere is closely related to the life of organisms. (Remember how oxygen is formed in the air.)
Living organisms subject the upper layer of the atmosphere to complex changes. They participate in the process of weathering rocks. The remains of plants and animals create organic rocks in the earth's crust. In turn, various substances of the earth's crust are part of organisms. The upper layer of the lithosphere is living environment for organisms.
The atmosphere and lithosphere are also closely interconnected. You know that the atmosphere is heated by the sun's rays hitting the earth's surface. In this regard, a pattern of changes in air temperature in the troposphere with height has emerged. Dust and other small particles rising from the earth's surface affect the transparency of the air and the heating conditions of the upper layer of the earth's surface. Water vapor condenses around small particles that rise into the air, clouds form, etc.
Previously, we examined the interaction of the earth's shells. In fact, such interaction is not only bilateral, but also multilateral.
As a result of close contact and mutual influence of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere, a special shell of the Earth was formed - the geographic shell. She creates the necessary conditions for the emergence and development of life on Earth. On modern stage During the development of the Earth, living organisms have reached such a level that they constitute a separate shell - the biosphere.

The geographic shell includes the upper layer of the lithosphere, the lower layer of the atmosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the biosphere, modified under the influence of other shells.

The geographic envelope is characterized by the following features:

1) each shell of the earth consists of only one substance: the atmosphere - from air, the hydrosphere - from water, the lithosphere - from rocks, the biosphere - from living organisms. And the material composition of the geographical shell is very complex. This includes all the substances mentioned earlier. Therefore, it is characterized as a complex shell;

2) organisms live only in a geographical shell. Life does not extend to the upper layers of the atmosphere and the deep interior of the lithosphere;

3) the heat coming to the Earth with the sun's rays is completely concentrated in the geographic envelope. Heat is characterized by latitudinal distribution. Such latitudinal zoning is completely absent in the upper layers of the atmosphere or deep parts of the lithosphere;

4) although the geographic envelope consists of individual components, it is an integral system. Changes that occur in some areas included in the geographic envelope cause changes in others. For example, you know that the emergence and development of life on the earth's surface contributed to changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

2. Components of nature. Natural complex. The geographical envelope consists of rocks, air, water, soil, plants and animals. These components of the geographic envelope are called natural components, or geographic components (in Latin, component - component).

The totality of the natural components of any territory constitutes an integral system. This system is called a natural complex, or geographical complex.

Each component of the natural complex is closely interconnected with others (Fig. 82).

Rice. 82. Relationship between natural components.

Changing one of them necessarily leads to changes in the others.

For example, let’s imagine a natural complex of a sandy desert. Abundance of sand, rare thorny plants, animals adapted to life in the sand. Now let’s pay attention to how this natural complex changes if a canal is dug here and river water is released. The seeping water will raise the groundwater level and salt marshes and lakes will form. Reeds, meadows, and shrub groves will grow on the banks of the canal and around the lakes. Instead of various sandy desert animals, tugai animals will appear and take root. Thanks to changes in humidity and the nature of the plants, floodplain soil will form instead of sand. The climate of the area will change noticeably, humidity will increase and the heat will subside.

The geographic envelope is the largest natural complex on the globe (the most complex system). It consists of an interdependent system of natural complexes. The next natural complexes after the geographical ones are the continents and the Ocean. Numerous rivers flowing into the Ocean bring with them large quantities rocks. (Remember how the mountains go down.) Winds from the Ocean also carry clouds and precipitation to land. (How does the water cycle occur in nature?)
The exchange of substances between land and ocean unites them into an integral planetary geographical system. Since the surface of the Ocean is monotonous, from the outside it seems that it is no longer divided into natural complexes. However, it is not. In each part of the Ocean, water temperature, salinity, plants and animals, and microorganisms differ. This makes it possible to divide the surface of the Ocean into natural complexes.
Natural complexes of the land surface, on the contrary, are clearly visible. The land is divided into natural countries, and these into even smaller parts. West Siberian Plain, Saryarka, Tien Shan are examples of natural countries. Small natural complexes: river floodplain, grove, lake shore, ravine, etc.

1. What is called the geographical envelope?

2. Why are the atmosphere and lithosphere not completely included in the geographic envelope?

3. What is the main difference between the geographical shell and other earthly shells?

4.What are natural ingredients?

5. How is a natural complex formed?

6. Give some examples of natural complexes in your area?

7. How do you understand the system of internal connections of natural complexes?

8. Using Figure 82, analyze the two-way relationship between the components of nature (water and air, soil and plants, etc.).

9*. Analyze the two-way relationship between the atmosphere and hydrosphere.

Components of the geographic envelope and their interaction.

Atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere - four shells globe are in complex interaction, interpenetrating each other. All together they make up geographical envelope.

In the geographic shell, life develops, the activity of water, ice, wind manifests itself, soils and sedimentary rocks are formed.

The geographic envelope is an area of ​​complex interpenetration and interaction of cosmic and terrestrial forces. It continues to develop and become more complex as a result of the interaction of living and inanimate nature.

The upper boundary of the geographic envelope corresponds to the tropopause - the transition layer between the troposphere and stratosphere. Above the equator, this layer is located at an altitude of 16-18 km, and at the poles - 8-10 km. At these altitudes, processes generated by the interaction of geospheres fade and cease. There is practically no water vapor in the stratosphere, there is no vertical movement of air, and temperature changes are not associated with the influence of the earth's surface. Life is also impossible here.

The lower boundary on land passes at a depth of 3-5 km, i.e. where the composition and properties of rocks change, there is no liquid water and living organisms.

The geographic envelope of the Earth is an integral material system, qualitatively different from other geospheres of the Earth. Its integrity is determined by the continuous interaction of solid, liquid and gaseous, and with the emergence of life, living substances. All components of the geographic shell interact using solar energy coming to the Earth and the energy of the Earth's internal forces.

The interaction between the Earth's geospheres within the geographic envelope occurs as a result of the circulation of substances (water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.).

All components of the geographic envelope are in complex relationships. A change in one component necessarily causes a change in others.

The rhythm of phenomena in the geographical environment. The geographic envelope of the Earth is constantly changing, and the relationships between its individual components are becoming more complex. These changes occur in time and space. In nature there are rhythms of different durations. Short, daily and annual rhythms are especially important for living organisms. Their periods of rest and activity are consistent with these rhythms. Circadian rhythm(change of day and night) is due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis; annual rhythm(change of seasons) - the revolution of the Earth around the Sun. The annual rhythm is manifested in the existence of periods of rest and vegetation in plants, in the molting and migration of animals, in some cases - in hibernation and reproduction. The annual rhythm in the geographic envelope depends on the latitude of the place: in equatorial latitudes it is less pronounced than in temperate or polar latitudes.

Daily rhythms occur against the background of annual rhythms, and annual rhythms occur against the background of perennial ones. There are also centuries-old, long-term rhythms, for example, climate change (cooling - warming, drying - humidification).

Changes in the geographical envelope also occur as a result of the movement of continents, the advance and retreat of seas, during geological processes: erosion and accumulation, the work of the sea, volcanism. In general, the geographical envelope develops progressively: from simple to complex, from lower to higher.

Zoning and sectoring of the geographical envelope.

The most important structural feature of the geographic shell is its zonality. Zoning Law was formulated by the great Russian natural scientist V.V. Dokuchaev, who wrote that the location of our planet relative to the Sun, its rotation and sphericity affect the climate, vegetation and animals, which are distributed over the earth's surface in the direction from north to south in a strictly defined order .

Zoning is better expressed on vast plains. However, the boundaries of geographical zones rarely coincide with parallels. The fact is that the distribution of zones is influenced by many other natural factors (for example, relief). There may be significant variations within a zone. This is explained by the fact that zonal processes are superimposed on azonal ones, caused by internal factors that are not subject to the laws of zonation (relief, distribution of land and water).

The largest zonal divisions of the geographical envelope are geographical zones, they are distinguished by radiation balance(incoming and outgoing solar radiation) and the nature of the general circulation of the atmosphere. The following geographical zones exist on Earth: equatorial, subequatorial (north and south), tropical (north and south), subtropical (north and south), temperate (north and south), subpolar (subarctic and subantarctic), polar (arctic and antarctic) .

Geographical belts do not have a regular ring shape; they expand, contract, and bend under the influence of continents and oceans, sea ​​currents, mountain systems.

On continents and oceans, geographical zones are qualitatively different. On the oceans they are well expressed at depths up to 150 m, weakly - up to a depth of 2000 m.

Under the influence of oceans on continents within geographic zones, longitudinal sectors(in temperate, subtropical and tropical zones), oceanic and continental.

On the plains within geographic zones there are natural areas(Fig. 45). In the continental sector of the temperate zone within the East European Plain, these are zones of forests, forest-steppes, steppes, semi-deserts, and deserts. Natural zones are divisions of the earth's surface characterized by similar soil, vegetation and climatic conditions. The main factor in the formation of soil and vegetation cover is the ratio of temperature and moisture.

Rice. 45. Main biozones of the Earth

Vertical zonality. Vertically, natural components change at a different rate than horizontally. As you go up in the mountains, the amount of precipitation and light conditions change. These same phenomena are expressed differently on the plain. Different slope exposures are the reason for unequal distribution of temperature, moisture, and soil and vegetation cover. The reasons for latitudinal zonality and vertical zonality are different: zonality depends on the angle of incidence of the sun's rays and the ratio of heat and moisture; vertical zonality - from a decrease in temperature with height and the degree of moisture.

Almost every mountainous country on Earth has its own characteristics of vertical zonation. In many mountainous countries, the mountain tundra belt falls out and is replaced by a belt of mountain meadows.

Rice. 46. Changes in vegetation depending on the latitude and altitude of the area

Altitudinal zonation begins with the zone located at the foot of the mountain (Fig. 46). The most important factor in the distribution of belt heights is the degree of moisture.

| |
§ 40. Cycle of matter and energy in the biosphere§ 42. Natural areas of Russia

The geographic envelope is a complete and continuous shell of the Earth, formed as a result of the interpenetration and interaction of substances of individual geospheres - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Its boundaries are unclear, so scientists define them differently. The upper boundary is taken to be the ozone screen at an altitude of 25-30 km, the lower boundary is taken within the lithosphere at a depth of several hundred meters, sometimes up to 4-5 km or along the ocean floor. It consists entirely of the hydrosphere and biosphere, most of the atmosphere and part of the lithosphere. The geographic envelope constitutes a complex dynamic system, which is characterized by the presence of substances in three states of aggregation - solid, liquid and gaseous, oxidizing environment and living matter, complex migration of matter with the participation of water, oxygen and living organisms, concentration of solar energy and wealth various types free energy.

The geographical envelope covers the entire planet, therefore it is considered a planetary complex. It is here that all the shells come into close contact and interpenetrate and life is focused. The geographical shell contains a living human society; it has a number of specific features. It is distinguished by a wide variety of composition and types of energy. The geographical envelope is heterogeneous not only in the vertical, but also in the horizontal directions. It differentiates into separate natural complexes - relatively homogeneous parts of the Earth's surface. Its differentiation into natural complexes is due to the uneven supply of heat to its different parts and the heterogeneity of the earth's surface.

Zonal features of the geographical envelope

The geographic envelope has a number of regularities. The most important of them are: integrity, rhythm of development, horizontal zoning and altitudinal zonation. Integrity is the unity of the geographical shell, due to the interconnectedness of its components. A change in one of the components certainly entails a change in the others. Thus, forests lead to a whole chain of natural changes: they disappear forest plants and animals - soils are destroyed and washed away - groundwater levels decrease - rivers become shallow. Integrity is achieved by the circulation of matter and energy (atmospheric circulation, system of sea currents, water cycle, biological cycle). They ensure repeatability of processes and phenomena and promote relationships between natural components.

Due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis and the Sun, uneven heating of the earth's surface, all processes and phenomena in the geographic envelope are repeated after a certain period of time. This is how rhythmicity arises - regular repetition in time. natural phenomena and processes. There are daily and seasonal rhythms, for example, the changes of day and night, seasons, ebb and flow, and the like. There are rhythms that repeat after a certain period of time: windows of climate fluctuations and water levels in lakes and the like.

Zoning is a natural change in natural components and natural complexes in the direction from the equator to the poles. It is caused by different amounts of heat due to the sphericity of the Earth. Zonal complexes include geographic zones and natural zones. Geographical belts are the most zonal complexes, extending in the latitudinal direction (equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, etc.). Each geographical zone is divided into smaller complexes of natural zones (steppes, deserts, semi-deserts, forests).

Altitudinal zonation is a natural change in natural components and natural complexes with an ascent into the mountains from their foot to the peaks. It is caused by climate change with altitude: a decrease in temperature (by 0.6 ° C for every 100 m of rise) and up to a certain altitude (up to 2-3 km) an increase in precipitation. Altitudinal zonation has the same sequence as on the plain when moving from the equator to the poles. However, natural zones in the mountains change much faster than natural zones on the plains. In addition, in the mountains there is a special belt of subalpine and alpine meadows, which is not found on the plains. The number of altitudinal zones that begin with an analogue of the horizontal zone within which the mountains are located depends on the height of the mountains and location.

The geographical envelope of our planet includes four components: the hydrosphere and biosphere in full, and the atmosphere and lithosphere in part. At the same time, they do not function purely autonomously, but constantly interact. Parts of these systems are the components of the geographical shell: soil, plants, water, minerals, animals, etc.

Natural complexes

All components that are parts of the geographic envelope are divided horizontally into certain complexes. These are territories that are homogeneous not only in the modern composition of natural components, but also in their historical component. They have the same composition of waters (both above- and underground), geological part, and biocenosis.

Rice. 1. Components of the geographical envelope.

Natural complexes are formed due to the interaction of their constituent parts in the same way as the geographical envelope is formed due to the mutual influence of its components.

Natural complexes are not the same in size and today have already been significantly changed due to
due to the strong influence of the anthropogenic factor.

Communication of geographic shell components

Thanks to the cycles of matter and energy, which are described in the textbook for grade 7, the individual components of the geographical shell are connected enough to form an integrity. There are many different cycles (atmospheric, crustal, etc.), but the most important is the water cycle. Due to the fact that such an amazing substance as water is capable of transforming into different states, it coordinates all the components of the natural shell with each other and ensures their existence.

Figure 2. Water cycle.

The biological cycle is also important when minerals become part of living organisms, then return to the mineral state. This is an iterative process.

The tropospheric air circulation ensures the survival of the living components of the geographic envelope, and the hydrosphere also participates in it.

The speed of its occurrence depends on the region: it occurs fastest at the equator, slowest in the polar regions.

Rice. 3. Air circulation.

Living and nonliving components of the geographical envelope

Living Components- these are the components of the biosphere, that is, flora and fauna, as well as bacteria and fungi. They are the ones who participate in the biological cycle.

Water, air, minerals- these are non-living components that are included in the litho-, atmosphere and hydrosphere of the Earth.

What have we learned?

That the components that make up the geographical shell of our planet can be living and non-living, but they are all part of the earth’s spheres and, accordingly, certain cycles that ensure universal interaction. These components are combined into historically formed natural complexes that change under human influence. Such complexes exist due to the interaction of their parts.

Test on the topic

Evaluation of the report

Average rating: 3.9. Total ratings received: 127.