Is it possible to rub frostbitten skin with ice and snow? How about warming up in a very hot bath? How to help a victim of hypothermia? the site has collected medical advice on how to identify the first signs of injury and help the victim.

Snow, ice and gusty winds - real winter has come to Moscow. Last night the temperature in the city dropped to minus 12-14 degrees. During the day, the thermometer will show eight to ten degrees below zero.

From the middle of the week the frosts will subside, but the temperature will remain several degrees below normal. In such weather there is a high risk of hypothermia and frostbite. Hypothermia can cause both local and general cold injury, and deep frostbite can lead to disability.

Frostbite: main risks

Most often, the feet suffer from cold, followed by the hands, followed by the nose, ears and cheeks. The body loses heat faster in cold water, or if a person is wearing wet clothes or shoes. The risk of frostbite is higher in strong winds and snowstorms, as well as in those who wear tight shoes or do not change body position for a long time. Cold injury also contributes to vascular diseases, neuritis, previous frostbite, fatigue, exhaustion, hunger, previous infectious diseases. People often get frostbite while intoxicated.

What are the signs of frostbite?

The first signs of frostbite are easy to miss. The skin temperature drops, it becomes pale, loses sensitivity, but a tingling or burning sensation may be felt. While a person is in the cold, it is very difficult to determine the extent of damage. It is determined after warming.

If the skin becomes warmer when warmed, and sensitivity is restored, this means that the cold injury is superficial. Pain and lack of sensitivity are characteristic of deep frostbite.

Based on the depth of injury, injuries are divided into four types. The first two are classified as superficial, the rest - deep. First degree frostbite affects the superficial layers of the skin. After warming up, pale skin may turn red or even become bluish, and after a while it may peel off. Within a week her condition returns to normal.

With a second-degree injury, blisters filled with fluid, most often light, form on the skin. After about a week they subside, and after another two to three weeks the skin is completely restored.

In the third degree, the blisters are often filled with pink or red liquid, and their bottom is blue-purple. After the dead tissue is sloughed off, wounds are formed. With the fourth degree of frostbite, the affected part of the body swells sharply, becomes dark, and gangrene may develop.

First aid

The victim must be moved from the cold to a warm, windless place, take off wet clothes, and wrap him in a blanket. You can warm a frostbitten area using heat-insulating materials, for example, cotton-gauze bandages with a layer of compress paper or plastic film; if this is not at hand, use foam rubber, blankets, and so on.

A hot drink and a warm bath will help you warm up. It is necessary to heat the water in it gradually. They start with a temperature of plus 17-18 degrees and within about an hour the water is heated to plus 36-37 degrees.

But you shouldn’t rub frostbitten skin with ice and snow. There is a high risk of further hypothermia and injury.

Hypothermia, or hypothermia

Hypothermia can develop if you are exposed to the cold for a long time. This is a condition of the body in which the temperature of the internal organs drops below 35 degrees. It can be determined by measuring rectal temperature.

Signs of hypothermia

Hypothermia is accompanied by a general depression of consciousness, up to coma; Muscle tremors may occur. A decrease in temperature below 30 degrees leads to the cessation of trembling and the appearance of muscle rigidity, reminiscent of rigor. There are three successive stages of development of general cold injury: mild, moderate and severe.

During the mild stage, the internal body temperature drops below 35 degrees. First, a person feels chills, breathing and pulse quicken, blood pressure rises slightly, and goose bumps appear. Then, due to a decrease in the temperature of the internal organs, their functions are inhibited: the frequency of breathing and heartbeat decreases, the person feels lethargy, apathy, drowsiness, and muscle weakness. Coordination of movement and vision may be impaired, and hallucinations may occur.

During the middle stage of frostbite, the temperature of the internal organs drops to about 30 degrees. The victim's skin turns pale (sometimes acquires a marble tint), the heart rate decreases, consciousness becomes confused, speech and movements are impaired, facial expressions are absent, reflexes are weakened, and stupor occurs.

In the severe stage, the temperature of the internal organs drops below 30 degrees, and all the basic vital functions of the body are inhibited. A person may experience cramps and increased muscle tone. It becomes difficult to straighten the arms and legs, the victim is unconscious, and reflexes weaken. A person’s heart rate and blood pressure decrease, breathing becomes less frequent; Possible urinary and fecal incontinence. With a further drop in temperature, imaginary death may occur, in which breathing, pulse and blood pressure are barely perceptible, and reflexes are not detected. If the core body temperature drops to 25-22 degrees, a person may die.

After the body warms up, a reactive period begins. As a rule, there is lethargy, fatigue, drowsiness, stiffness of movement, headache. In severe hypothermia, swelling of internal organs may develop: the brain, lungs and others. Thrombosis may occur, and cardiovascular function may be impaired, acute renal failure and disorder may develop. nervous system. Subsequently, inflammation of internal organs may appear: pneumonia, bronchitis, nephritis and others.

First aid for hypothermia

The victim needs to be helped to restore normal body temperature. The simplest and safe method- these are warm clothes, blankets and a warm room. It is very important to keep your head covered because it gives off 30 percent of the heat. Electrically heated blankets can be used. Only the chest needs to be warmed, otherwise complications may occur.

Hot drinks and a warm bath (heat gradually to a temperature no higher than plus 36 degrees) help. In the bath, you can gently rub your body with soft washcloths. With a mild degree of cooling, only warming is sufficient; with moderate and severe cooling, the victim needs medical attention.

There are a number of measures that need to be taken in case of frostbite and hypothermia. But what should not be done with different degrees of frostbite? After all, incorrectly provided assistance can cause serious consequences.

What to do?

First of all, if a person has frostbite on his ears, nose, cheeks, legs or arms, he should be taken indoors. After this, replace frozen outer clothing, shoes, mittens and socks with dry ones. To keep him completely warm, wrap him in a warm blanket or blanket and give him a cup of warm tea. If there is a suspicion of extensive skin lesions or if the victim’s condition worsens, it is necessary to call ambulance.

An important point when providing first aid is that the frozen area does not need to be warmed quickly. With a sharp change in temperature, the walls of blood vessels and the epidermis are injured, which leads to complications.

1st degree

With the first degree of frostbite, minor changes in the skin are observed. The skin of the ears, nose, hands, feet and other parts of the body turns white and sensitivity is lost. With the right help, there are no consequences.

The victim should be immediately taken indoors, gently rub the frostbitten areas with your hands or warm them with your breath. This will help restore blood circulation.

2nd degree

The person requires medical help. Before the doctors arrive, it is necessary to bring him into a warm room, take off his outer clothing and put on dry and warm clothes.

In the second degree, blisters with transparent contents may appear on the injured area of ​​the skin. It is strictly forbidden to pierce them, as an open wound can cause infection and blood poisoning.

3rd degree

More serious changes are observed. The person feels a strong chill, the frostbitten area loses sensitivity, and the skin turns white. The process of tissue death begins.

Blisters with blood content appear on the skin, after healing of which scars and scars remain. If you suspect third-degree frostbite, you should immediately call an ambulance. Before doctors arrive, a warming bandage should be applied to the injured area of ​​skin. It should consist of several layers: 2-3 layers of bandage, cotton wool, cotton fabric (cardboard is also suitable), bandage. Each layer should be thicker than the previous one.

Wrap the victim in a warm blanket and give a cup of warm tea. In some cases, a person may lose consciousness. Ammonia will help bring him to his senses.

4th degree

The most severe injury to the skin, which requires urgent medical attention. Most often, the person is unconscious, and cardiac arrest may occur. In this case, artificial respiration and cardiac massage should be performed, the victim’s outer clothing should be removed, a special bandage should be applied to the damaged areas of the skin and a blanket should be wrapped.

Correctly provided medical care can save a person's life and save limbs. If a person has lost consciousness and is in critical condition, it is very important not to lose composure and do everything possible before the doctors arrive.

What is prohibited in all types?

While providing assistance, some mistakes may be made. It is for this reason that you need to know not only what to do, but also what you absolutely cannot do.

Incorrect or poor quality care can lead to serious consequences, including death.

In case of frostbite of any degree, it is strictly prohibited:

• Ignore the fact of injury;

Most people who suffer first or second degree frostbite do not understand the seriousness of the situation. In the third and fourth degrees, the victim urgently needs to call an ambulance. Ignoring frostbite of the extremities, ears, cheeks or nose leads to greater damage.

• Rub the injured area with snow;

The use of snow is strictly prohibited. This is due to the fact that when exposed to cold, the upper layer of the epidermis and the walls of blood vessels are injured and thinned. Additional exposure to cold leads to extensive damage. In addition, snow cannot be sterilely clean, and wounds and microcracks appear on the skin, through which microbes enter, causing infection.

• Use fatty ointments and creams;

Ointments should be used before going outside, but not after. They create a film on the surface of the skin, preventing oxygen from entering the pores.

• Puncture the formed bubbles;

After mechanical damage to the blisters, wounds form through which infection can enter. As a result, sepsis develops, and wounds take a long time to heal. Also, after healing, scars will remain on the skin.

• Warm the affected area with hot water;

Afterwards the limb loses sensitivity, as a result of which after exposure hot water you can get burned. In addition, a sharp temperature change leads to even greater damage to the skin and blood vessels.

• Try to put stress on the injured area of ​​the body;

For any degree of frostbite, heavy physical activity is strictly prohibited. If your hand or foot becomes cold and loses sensation, you can move your fingers to warm it up. With more severe damage, active movements are prohibited, as this can cause serious consequences.

• Smoking;

Together with cigarette smoke, a person will begin to inhale cold air, which will lead to a decrease in blood circulation and even greater freezing.

• Drink alcohol.

Alcohol does not help to warm up, but only dilates injured blood vessels, which provokes their rupture. As a result, there is an even greater loss of heat and oxygen starvation of vital organs. Rubbing alcohol can only be used when the affected area is already warm.

In case of frostbite, you should not apply various compresses to the victim. It is best to give a cup of not hot tea, leave it in a warm room and call the doctors.

Why shouldn’t you rub frostbitten areas and how to avoid hypothermia?

To protect the body from hypothermia and frostbite, a number of preventive measures should be followed.

1. Do not go outside after drinking alcohol.
2. In severe frost, stay home. If this is not possible, take all safety measures and avoid being in the cold for a long time.
3. Don't smoke in the cold.
4. Don't go for a walk on an empty stomach. An exhausted body will not be able to fully produce heat.
5. Do not wear clothes that are too tight. Between the shirt and warm jacket there must be air. It is better to use underwear made of cotton fabric, but not synthetic.
6. Do not wear wet or tight shoes, wear clean wool socks. They absorb moisture better.
7. Don't go out into the cold without mittens. Hands should always be protected.
8. Rings, earrings and other metal jewelry are not recommended to be worn at temperatures of -30 degrees.
9. In case of frost, use special protective creams. They will help mitigate the effects of cold air.
10. When walking in a group, watch the faces of your comrades and be sure to take action at the first sign of frostbite.
11. Hands should be warmed in the armpits, but without rubbing them or patting them together.
12. Do not stay in the cold wind for a long time. This is what most often causes frostbite.
13. Do not go outside with wet hair after a shower or bath.

If clothes are wet, they need to be removed and wrung out. You should also not wear cold or wet shoes.

In cases where there is no spare underwear, put it back on and do exercises so that the body does not cool down. Then urgently seek help from passersby or a medical facility.

Frostbite of any degree poses a certain danger to human life and health. Many people know what measures should be taken in case of frostbite, but not everyone can understand what is strictly prohibited from doing. Correctly provided medical care will help keep a person healthy and avoid serious consequences such as amputation of limbs as a result of frostbite.

Causes

Not only low temperatures cause various frostbite of the skin. Complicating factors such as chronic illness, malnutrition, pregnancy or infancy make the situation worse. The main causes of freezing are as follows:

• clothes out of season– don’t give up scarves and hats if it’s frosty outside. In winter, it is worth replacing regular underwear with thermal items, and replacing cotton socks with woolen ones. Shoes should not be close together, and if they also allow water to pass through or contribute to the greenhouse effect, then freezing is guaranteed;
• vascular diseases– with poor blood circulation, a person freezes faster. Thrombosis, varicose veins, VSD - all of these are unfavorable factors;
• refusal to use protective equipment– exposed areas of skin should be treated with special creams and ointments that will protect your hands and face from frostbite. Professional formulations carefully care for the skin of the nose and around the eyes. It is these areas that are considered less protected;
• drinking alcohol– if you drink “hot” drinks in the cold, the risk of hypothermia increases. The body loses heat faster, and a drunk person does not understand that he is freezing. There are common cases when drunk people freeze in the cold, falling asleep after a large dose of alcohol.

Fans of winter fishing or country walks in the cold season can get frostbite on their limbs with ice. And skiers or snowboarders often develop high speeds during the training process.

Vitamin deficiency, poor nutrition, and previous blood loss are also factors predisposing to freezing. Older people get colder. The same applies to persons with diabetes mellitus and liver diseases.

Symptoms

They vary, but some common symptoms of frostbite include:

• tingling and itching;
• the skin turns pale and becomes cold to the touch;
• severe pain syndrome appears;
• When warmed, the tissues turn red and swell.

These are the first signs of frostbite, which indicate the initial freezing of the upper layers of the skin. As exposure to the cold agent develops, more dangerous symptoms: blisters, loss of sensation, cyanosis. The formation of blisters is typical for degrees 2 and 3 of frostbite. Areas of skin deprived of normal blood supply turn black. Due to necrotic processes, the risk of mummification increases.

Frostbite on the skin on the face is accompanied by peeling and a feeling of numbness. Mostly people experience symptoms such as difficulty breathing through the nose and the inability to move their lips. The face becomes pale and cold, the skin feels hard to the touch, which indicates the second degree of frostbite.

The longer the victim stays in the cold, the higher the likelihood that internal systems and organs will suffer. At stages 2–3, kidney function deteriorates and vasospasm occurs. If the skin color of a frostbitten person darkens, the development of necrosis is suspected.

First aid

The main help for various frostbites of the skin is to change the temperature, that is, the victim must be taken to a warm room. It is almost impossible to provide adequate primary care in the cold. You cannot quickly warm a person up, that is, hot baths and compresses are prohibited. If the limbs are injured, they can be placed in dry heat, but you should not cover them with heating pads or lubricate the skin with oil. Fatty creams and ointments should be used before frostbite occurs, not after.

The further procedure involves:

• change clothes to dry and warm ones;
• give a hot drink, preferably sweetened;
• provide peace;
• Apply a thermal insulating bandage to the damaged area of ​​skin.

In case of frostbite on the body, when the victim’s skin has changes in the form of blisters, it is necessary to treat the skin with an antiseptic and apply a gauze or bandage bandage. Bubbles must not be opened. Also, if there are blisters, do not rub or lubricate the skin with anti-frostbite ointments without consulting a doctor.

Determined by the severity of pathological processes. In mild forms of freezing, the victim is warmed up as quickly as possible. To do this, do a massage, rub the skin with a soft, dry cloth or scarf. Starting from the second stage of frostbite, these methods are abandoned in favor of passive warming. Otherwise, the number of complications will be higher.

If a person experiences disorientation, it is not recommended to give him anything to drink until he fully regains consciousness, otherwise he may choke. What else you shouldn’t do if you have frostbite is drink alcohol. But if the skin is intact, there are no blisters and the pain is small, you can rub your limbs with vodka and wrap yourself in a blanket. But rubbing frostbitten areas of skin with snow is useless. The method has no scientific basis, and excess contact with cold and not too clean snow can aggravate the situation.

What to do if you have frostbite high degree ? Actions before the ambulance arrives are to reduce harm from the cold agent. If a person is in pain, he is offered non-narcotic analgesic. Affected people should remain on bed rest. What to do if your facial skin is frostbitten and fluid-filled blisters appear? In this case, a gauze bandage will also help, which is made from several layers, cutting out holes for the eyes and nose.

With minor damage, warming up does not take much time, but when the skin is severely frostbitten, the victim’s condition worsens even after PMP. Why do limbs darken if they begin to be warmed up?? Pathological processes have their own inertia and cannot stop immediately after the cessation of cold exposure. In this case, you cannot do without qualified medical care.

Is it possible to rub frostbitten skin?

Rubbing the skin during frostbite is allowed, because it is an effective and affordable way to quickly improve blood circulation. But is it possible to rub frostbitten skin with a washcloth or brush?? This method is aggressive and causes trauma to the integument. Rub with a soft cloth or dry knitted items. For blisters and wounds, rubbing is prohibited. Treatment of frostbite with blisters and blisters involves preliminary sanitation. Sometimes surgical treatment of injured areas is required. Then efforts are directed toward restoring the integrity of the skin after frostbite.

In case of severe cold exposure that has caused grade 3 or 4 damage, systemic and local antibiotics, detoxification solutions and angioprotectors are given. Anti-frostbite ointments are used during the recovery stage to improve repair, prevent scarring and activate metabolic processes in skin cells. During development inflammatory processes such agents as erythromycin or chloramphenicol ointment, Vishnevsky liniment, etc. are indicated.

Complications and consequences

The negative consequences of skin frostbite include cosmetic defects - scars, granulations, scars and dermatological diseases. Severe frostbite is often accompanied by secondary infections. In damaged areas, blood supply deteriorates and sensitivity to cold increases.

Diseases of a vascular nature are common, and the most severe complications are necrotic processes that require amputation of the affected limbs.

Prevention

Various hardening methods, vitamin therapy, and self-massage are used to prevent skin frostbite. Properly selected clothing will provide adequate protection from the cold, and frostbite creams can additionally protect exposed skin.

Drugs with proven effectiveness used for preventive purposes are “Ellen”, Safe and Care, “”. You can use regular fatty creams and ointments. It is important that they are not on water based, otherwise low temperatures will cause even more damage to the skin.

Dear readers of the 1MedHelp website, if you still have questions on this topic, we will be happy to answer them. Leave your reviews, comments, share stories of how you experienced a similar trauma and successfully dealt with the consequences! Your life experience may be useful to other readers.

Winter in our harsh climate, with low temperatures and strong winds, sometimes brings troubles for winter recreation lovers - hypothermia and frostbite ie.

So what is frostbite?? What is first aid?

At hypothermia - the appearance of chills, muscle tremors and a drop in temperature to 34 degrees, you must:

deliver the victim to a warm room within 1 hour. Place in a bath with a water temperature of 37 degrees C (tolerate the elbow) and increase the water temperature to 39 degrees C for 20 minutes, or cover big amount warm heating pads. After a bath, be sure to cover with a warm blanket or put on warm, dry clothes. Give warm sweet drinks.

Tissue damage as a result of exposure to low temperature is called frostbite . Most often, exposed areas of the body (nose, ears, cheeks, fingers, and less often legs) are exposed to frostbite. There are 4 degrees of skin damage.

Frostbite I degree(the easiest). Usually occurs with short exposure to cold. The affected area of ​​the skin is pale, turns red after warming, and in some cases has a purplish-red tint; swelling develops. There is no dead skin. By the end of the week after frostbite, slight peeling of the skin is sometimes observed.

Frostbite II degree. IN Occurs with longer exposure to cold. Pallor appears and sensitivity is lost. The most characteristic sign is the formation of blisters filled with transparent contents after injury. After warming up, the pain is more intense and lasting than with frostbite of the first degree, skin itching and burning are disturbing.

For frostbite III. The blisters that form in the initial period are filled with bloody contents, their bottom is blue-purple, insensitive to irritation. The death of all skin elements occurs with the development of granulations and scars as a result of frostbite. Fallen nails do not grow back or grow deformed.

Frostbite IV degree. All layers of soft tissue are subject to necrosis; bones and joints are often affected. The damaged area of ​​the limb is very bluish, sometimes with a marbled color. Swelling develops immediately after warming and increases rapidly. The skin temperature is significantly lower than the tissue surrounding the frostbite area. Blisters develop in less frostbitten areas where there is frostbite of III–II degree. The absence of blisters with significant swelling and loss of sensitivity indicate degree IV frostbite.

Photo Four degrees of frostbite

First aid consists of immediately warming the victim, for which it is necessary to deliver him to a warm room as quickly as possible. Remove clothing and shoes from frostbitten limbs. Immediately cover injured limbs from external heat with an insulating bandage with plenty of cotton wool or blankets and warm clothing. Give plenty of warm drinks.

Prevention of hypothermia and frostbite

There are a few simple rules, which will allow you to avoid hypothermia and frostbite in severe frost:

- Don't drink alcohol– Alcohol intoxication causes greater heat loss.

- Don't smoke in the cold– Smoking reduces peripheral blood circulation, and thus makes the limbs more vulnerable.

- Wear loose clothes– this promotes normal blood circulation. Dress like a cabbage - in this case, between the layers of clothing there are always layers of air that perfectly retain heat.

Tight shoes, lack of insoles, and damp, dirty socks are often the main prerequisites for the appearance of abrasions and frostbite. Special attention It is necessary to pay attention to shoes for those whose feet often sweat. You need to put warm insoles in your boots, and wear woolen socks instead of cotton ones - they absorb moisture, leaving your feet dry.

- Don't go out into the cold without mittens, a hat and a scarf. The best option– mittens made of water-repellent and windproof fabric with fur inside. The cheeks and chin can be protected with a scarf. In windy, cold weather, apply a rich cream to your face before going out.

- Do not wear metal ones in the cold(including gold, silver) jewelry.

- Use a friend's help: watch your friend's face, especially the ears, nose and cheeks,

- Don't take off your shoes in the cold from frostbitten limbs - they will swell and you will not be able to put your shoes back on. It is necessary to get to a warm room as soon as possible.

Returning home after a long walk in the cold, be sure to make sure there is no frostbite on the limbs, back, ears, nose, etc.

As soon as you feel hypothermia or freezing of your extremities while walking, you must go to any warm place as soon as possible- shop, cafe, entrance.

- Hide from the wind– the likelihood of frostbite in the wind is much higher.

- Don't get your skin wet– water conducts heat significantly better than air. Don't go out into the cold with wet hair after a shower. Wet clothes and shoes (for example, a person has fallen into water) must be removed, wiped off the water, if possible, put on dry ones and bring the person into warmth as quickly as possible. In the forest, you need to light a fire, undress and dry your clothes, during which time you vigorously exercise and warm yourself by the fire.

Finally, remember that The best way getting out of an unpleasant situation means not getting into it.

I'll help as much as I can

Stop bleeding

Arterial bleeding – bright red (scarlet) blood is ejected in a strong, jerky, pulsating stream; a large blood stain on clothing or a pool of blood near the wounded person. If large arteries are damaged, blood loss that is incompatible with life can occur within a few minutes.

Immediately press the artery fingers (fist) to the bone above the wound site ( on the limbs– above the wound site, on the neck and head– below the wound or in the wound, do not press in the place where the bones are damaged);

Elevate the injured limb; in the absence of a fracture, bend it as much as possible;

- apply a tourniquet If there is no tourniquet, tighten the limb with a twist (belt):

- superimposed on clothes(textile) above the wound But as close as possible in it - take it by the limb and stretch it, tighten it with the first turn and apply the next turn with less force, secure the tourniquet, insert a note about the time of application of the tourniquet, do not cover it with a bandage or clothing;

- on the neck a tourniquet is applied without heart rate control and left until the doctor arrives, the wound must be sealed;

- on the thigh a tourniquet is applied through a hard object, after which it is ensured that there is no pulse in the popliteal fossa;

- if the tourniquet is applied incorrectly ( blueness and swelling of the limb, swelling of the veins ) – immediately remove and reapply.

Treat the wound and apply a sterile bandage;

Ensure rest in the “lying down” position, cover the victim and insulate the wounded limb (especially in cold weather), give a warm sweet drink (if there is no abdominal injury);

- (after 1-1.5 hours in summer and 30 minutes in winter, carefully loosen the tourniquet for 10-15 minutes, pressing the artery with your finger, then apply above (below) the application site).

Venous bleeding – dark cherry blood pours out in a uniform, continuous stream.

Apply a pressure bandage;

If a limb is injured, bend it or lift it up as much as possible;

Deliver to a medical facility.

Capillary bleeding - the blood oozes out like a sponge and usually stops on its own.

Apply a bandage to the wound;

If possible, raise the wounded limb upward;

To stop capillary bleeding, you can treat the wound with hydrogen peroxide.

Internal bleeding (in the head, chest, abdomen) can only be stopped on the operating table.

Signs: weakness, dizziness, ringing in the ears, darkening of the eyes, pallor.

Put it cold transport immediately to a medical facility.

Large blood loss – lay the victim on his back, raise his arms and legs. If there is no injury to the stomach, drink plenty of sweet tea or water with salt or sugar. Necessary urgent infusion of blood or substitute.

LIMB FRACTURES

Signs of an open fracture: presence of a wound, often with bleeding; deformation and swelling of the limb; bone fragments are visible.

Signs of a closed fracture: severe pain when moving or putting weight on a limb; deformation and swelling of the limb; bluish skin color; mobility of a limb in an unusual place, its unnatural position.

1. Free from exposure to traumatic factors. Stop the bleeding.

2. Give painkillers as quickly as possible.

3. Apply a bandage to the wound.

4. Secure the limb using splints.

5. Cover the victim, especially in cold weather.

Splinting rules: The splint is applied on both sides of the body and should cover the joints above and below the fracture site. It is tied tightly, evenly, but not tightly over clothes and shoes; Soft material is placed in the areas of bony protrusions. Do not apply a bandage to the splint at the level of the fracture.

If there is no splint, you can bandage the injured leg to the healthy one, and the arm in a bent position to the body using a scarf or bandage.

At fracture of fingers and hand– give the fingers a semi-bent position (put a thick wad of cotton wool into the palm), apply a splint from the ends of the fingers to the elbow on the palm side. Hang your hand on a scarf.

At forearm fracture– turn the arm bent at the elbow joint with the palm towards the chest and fix it with two splints on the inner and outer sides from the fingertips to the elbow joint. Hang your hand on a scarf.

At shoulder fracture– apply a splint to the area of ​​the forearm and shoulder, hang the arm bent at the elbow joint on a scarf and bandage it to the body. At injury to the shoulder joint or scapula– hang the arm bent at the elbow joint on a belt (palm facing the stomach), place a roller in the armpit, bandage the arm to the body.

At collarbone fracture– immobilize with a bandage, cotton-gauze rings; It is fixed for a short time with a stick placed behind the back.

At foot fracture and injury ankle joint – the splint is applied along the inner and outer surfaces from the upper third of the shin to the sole and fingertips.

At tibia fracture- the splint is applied along the inner and outer surfaces from the upper third of the thigh to the sole and fingertips.

At hip fracture– splints are applied: along the inner surface from the groin to the sole, on the outer surface - from the armpit to the sole.

FRACTURE OF THE SPINE AND PELVIC BONES

Signs of a spinal fracture: back pain with the slightest movement, loss of sensation in the legs (the victim does not feel a pin prick).

1. Calm the victim, administer pain medication, and provide first aid for other injuries. DO NOT move the victim, remove his clothing or allow him to move..

2. Transport only on a stretcher with a hard bedding (on a panel, door, etc.); in the absence of hard bedding, transportation lying on the stomach.

At cervical fracture Apply a massive cotton-gauze bandage in the form of a collar to the spine.

Signs of a pelvic fracture: “frog” pose, pain in the pelvic area, inability to sit down and stand up, “stuck heel” syndrome) inability to raise a straight leg.

Lay the victim on a hard, flat surface (board), bend his legs into a “frog” position, and place a tight cushion under his knees. Transportation - on a solid board.

If you suspect a cervical injury spine, Without moving the victim, wrap the neck loosely in several layers with a tape made of a towel or paper (newspaper) 12-14 cm wide to provide support (support) for the back of the head and chin. Secure (without tightening) with a bandage or belt.

POISONING

FOOD, ALCOHOL AND DRUG POISONING

SIGNS – weakness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, loose stools, cold sweat, dizziness, headache, shortness of breath, convulsions, fever.

1. Gastric lavage.

2. Give 10 tablets or 1 tablespoon activated carbon with water. In its absence - grated crackers, starch, chalk, charcoal. As a laxative – 2 tablespoons vegetable oil or saline laxative.

3. When the condition improves, give tea or coffee, provide warmth and peace.

4. If you lose consciousness and pulse, START RESUSCIVATION.

In case of poisoning with caustic, burning substances, urgent hospitalization is required.

THERMAL BURNS

Place the burn area under the stream cold water(immerse in water) or apply snow, ice or other cold for 15-20 minutes ( for first and second degree burns without compromising the integrity of the blisters);

Treat the burn with panthenol;

Apply a special napkin or clean gauze (bandage), secure with a loose bandage;

Cold to the burn site;

Anesthesia;

Drink plenty of water (a teaspoon of salt or soda per 1 liter of water);

In case of severe burns, transport to a medical facility.

DO NOT: lubricate the burn with ointments or fat, open and remove blisters, tear off stuck clothing and foreign bodies, apply cotton wool to the burn, rinse the opened blisters with water, sprinkle with powders.

IF CLOTHING IS ON FIRE:

Eliminate exposure to fire, throw off burning clothes;

Lay the victim down and roll him on the ground (snow) or quickly cover him with thick fabric (jacket, raincoat, OZK raincoat);

Cool the burn areas in water or snow for at least 10 minutes until the pain subsides;

Don’t take off the burnt clothes, but cut them into pieces and leave the baked ones on your body.

FROSTBOT

Signs: skin pale, hard and cold, no pulse at the wrists and ankles, loss of sensation, “wooden sound” when tapped with a finger.

1. Take the victim to a room with a low temperature. Do not remove clothes and shoes from frostbitten limbs.

2. Immediately cover injured limbs from external heat with a cooled insulating bandage. External warming of frostbitten parts should not be accelerated. Warmth should arise inside with the restoration of blood circulation.

3. Give plenty of warm drinks, small doses of alcohol.

4. Give 1-2 tablets of analgin and deliver to the medical unit.

DO NOT rub frostbitten skin, place frostbitten limbs in warm water or cover them with heating pads, or lubricate the skin with oil or Vaseline.

DROWNING

Regular (“blue” type)

Signs– skin of the face and neck with a bluish tint, swelling of the vessels of the neck, copious foamy discharge from the mouth and nose.

1. Immediately after removing the drowned person from the water, turn him face down and lower his head below the pelvis.

2. Clear your mouth of mucus and other things. Press sharply on the root of the tongue. When gag and cough reflexes appear, ensure complete removal of water from the respiratory tract and stomach.

3. If the victim is conscious, cover and warm him. Call a doctor.