Shut-off
Theoretical foundations of banking business. How to open your own bank: detailed step by step instructions

Theoretical foundations of banking business. How to open your own bank: detailed step by step instructions

International banking business plays a special role in the global economy. The formation of the international banking business is a long historical process of transnationalization and internationalization. Since their inception, the activities of banks have been aimed at financing other sectors of the economy related to production and trade. With development international trade banks faced the task of developing foreign markets and conducting international transactions in various currencies. Banks followed their clients, whose business developed and became more and more international.

The result of the globalization of the world economy and banking business was the formation transnational banks, which are financial institutions operating in various locations the globe and offering a wide range of financial services. The activity of transnational banks is characterized by a global nature and a significant share of international operations. Currently, the clients of transnational banks are both large companies and small businesses and individuals.

Practice issues

Group HSBC has a long history. The band's name comes from The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, a small bank that was established to finance international trade between Asia and the West and began operations in Hong Kong in 1865.

Now group HSBC is one of the world's largest organizations providing banking and financial services. The group is headquartered in London. Through an international network of more than 7,200 offices located in more than 85 countries and territories in Europe, Asia-Pacific, North and South America, Middle East and Africa, group HSBC provides a wide range of financial services to more than 85 million private clients and nearly 3.6 million commercial clients. In a group HSBC employs about 300 thousand employees who speak more than 100 languages. As of December 31, 2012, the group's assets amounted to more than $2.500 billion.

Thanks to the group's global network HSBC her divisions can take banking products and services developed in different markets and tailor them to meet the needs of local customers to meet their diverse financial needs .

Banks play a vital role in the process of financing the activities of international companies by providing loans for current activities (replenishment working capital), financing export-import transactions, organizing the placement of securities of companies on international markets.

Large transnational banks are the core of the international banking system. At the same time, relatively small banks are also involved in international banking operations in the process of servicing their clients - companies whose activities are related to international business. In this regard, several forms of international banking can be distinguished.

Not every bank can not immediately afford to develop its activities abroad. For most banks, the first step in the development of international activities is the establishment correspondent relations with foreign banks. Correspondent relations - contractual relations between credit institutions on the implementation of payments and settlements by one of them on behalf of and at the expense of another. Small banks can also establish correspondent relationships with large domestic banks (national banks) that have a wide network of correspondent banks abroad. The establishment of correspondent relations is an indispensable condition for the implementation of international settlements. Correspondent banks play an extremely important role, especially in countries where a bank cannot be represented directly for various reasons.

As they grow in scale and internationalize their business, banks are expanding their presence in the international banking business, creating a network of branches abroad. There are several types of bank branches. A unit registered as a company independent of the parent bank is subsidiary bank (branch bank), a division that is not registered as a separate independent company, has the status bank branch (branch), a foreign branch of a bank, co-owned by both a foreign bank and its partner (national or foreign) is affiliated bank (affiliated bank) .

Transnational banks provide not only services in terms of providing international business to clients, providing settlements for foreign trade transactions, but also investment services, being the main intermediaries in the international capital market. However, the financial crisis recent years had a significant impact on the landscape of international banking business. Many of the world's largest banks began to reduce the volume of foreign operations, while new players appeared among the world's leading banks.

british magazine The Banker annually publishes a ranking (from to rank- rank) 1000 largest banks in the world. When compiling the list, experts are guided by the indicator Tier 1 capital- Tier 1 capital, including share capital and retained earnings. As the editor-in-chief noted The Banker Philip Alexander, the 2012 ranking was a reflection of all the key trends in the global economy: while European banks are counting losses from the debt crisis in the eurozone, China is becoming a driver of emerging markets and marks " new era" in the banking industry. It is no coincidence that the list of the largest banks in the world included many credit institutions representing the PRC (Tables 15.6 and 15.7).

Table 15.6

The top ten largest banks in the world in terms of the amount of capital in 2011

Bank's name		Capital, billion USD	Return on equity, %
Bank of America
JP Morgan Chase & co

HSBC Holdings	UK
Citigroup
China Construction Bank Corporation

Well Fargo & Co
Bank of China
Agricultural Bank of China

Table 15.7

The top ten largest banks in the world in terms of assets in 2012

		Assets, billion dollars
Deutsche Bank	Germany
	Great Britain
BNP Paribas
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group
Credit Agricole
Barclays Group	Great Britain
Royal Bank of Scotland	Great Britain
JP Morgan Chase
Bank of America

Note: The 10 largest banks included in the rating in terms of capital in 2011 China Construction Bank Corporation, Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China ranked 11th, 13th and 15th in the 2012 asset ranking.

The activities of international banks and their strategy for building relationships with clients are influenced not only by the economic situation, but also by the development information technologies. The world's largest banks are changing the format of working with clients, taking into account technological innovations. Internet banking technologies have become widespread, mobile banking is developing. Implementing customer service forms using modern technologies beneficial not only to customers (speed, receiving services anywhere in the world, the ability to constantly monitor their accounts, etc.), but also to the credit institution itself (reducing operating costs, staff maintenance and training costs, renting premises, increasing the number of attracted customers etc.). Currently, most banks use the strategy click and blink, which implies a combination of online banking and the provision of banking services through traditional distribution channels - at bank branches .

Despite the rapid development of Internet banking, traditional distribution channels do not go away for many reasons. Firstly, the prevalence of online banking is related to the provision of the population with the technical capabilities to use these services, and secondly, the client needs to go through First stage"accustomed" to carrying out transactions independently via the Internet without the help of a bank employee; thirdly, in the minds of people there are concerns about the degree of security of transactions when using Internet banking. And if all these difficulties are gradually overcome, including through the use of bonus programs, explaining to customers the possibilities of Internet banking and its security, then the specifics of banking services are such that not all services can be provided virtually, and even customers themselves when conducting complex financial, investment transactions need a personal consultation with a banking specialist.

At present, one can speak not only about Internet banking as an alternative channel for the sale of traditional services, but also about using the possibilities of the Internet in order to implement the marketing strategies of banks, i.e. banking internet marketing. Of course, banks have their own websites on the Internet. The content, design, and convenience of the site significantly affect the perception of the bank, the formation of its image and brand memorability. Together with gem, banks are also active in in social networks, such as Facebook, Twitter and others, post their videos on Youtube. The issues of using public media (social media, SM), which are social networks, are becoming one of the most relevant in the marketing policy of companies and financial institutions.

Company Aite Group in cooperation with the European Financial Marketing Association ( European Financial Marketing Association – EFMA) in the period from August to October 2010 conducted a survey of 166 representatives of the top management of American and European financial institutions. The main objective of the study was to identify strategies and tactics used by banks and other credit institutions in relation to social networks or planned for implementation in the future.

According to experts Aite Group And EFMA, financial institutions are still at the earliest stages of forming their competence in the sector SM. About 60% of respondents reported that their banks in the work with social networks can be considered "newcomers" or "beginners". There is no particular difference between American and European financial institutions in this respect.

According to the survey, the main goals pursued by financial institutions in the course of interaction with SM are attracting new customers, strengthening customer loyalty and brand trust, as well as developing and deepening relationships with consumers. In the future, it is possible that banks will invest significantly more in SM, and these funds will be used mainly to retain customers, generate additional revenue and reduce marketing costs.

Social networks can be used to explain to customers the use of banking products and technologies. Yes, experts Wells Fargo on mobile banking conducted in Twitter several discussions on the use of mobile devices. Specialists answered questions from consumers related to the specifics of mobile banking (for example, how to use a mobile device to control the balance of a current account during purchases). A webinar on security issues was also organized. The bank's management believes that thanks to such actions, it is possible to better learn the opinion of customers about the quality of service, as well as use their complaints and suggestions to eliminate shortcomings.

The information received from social networks can be useful to take into account when developing new products. This is especially true for products for young people. Yes, social media helped. R[ Marier Bank in creating financial products for clients aged 18–25. A significant role was played by young bank employees who communicated on social networks and asked interlocutors questions on their behalf, thanks to which valuable information was collected, which was then taken into account when creating a financial product for young people. First Access Checking.

In the last decade of the 20th century, measures were taken in our country to decentralize the so-called “monobanking” system, laws on banks and banking activities were adopted, elements of competition were introduced into the banking sector, and the foundations were laid for the functioning of a new Russian banking system focused on the needs of a market-type economy. A series of crises in recent years has predetermined the need to create conditions for increasing the stability of banks and developing competition in the banking system.

In the recent past, commercial banks have occupied a special position in the economy of Western countries. The public authorities have always supported in the event of a liquidity crisis or the threat of bankruptcy in order to guarantee the stability of the financial and credit system. At the same time, financial legislation limited the scope of activities of commercial banks, defining exactly what and how they can do, and at the same time protected banks from the emergence of competitors. At the same time, banks played the traditional role of an intermediary between depositors and borrowers and ensured the functioning of the payment system, thinking relatively little about the application of new methods and technologies.

However, the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century was a period of profound and dramatic changes in banking, numerous innovations in organization, bank management methods and forms of servicing corporate and individual clients. These processes affected all countries, including Russia, to varying degrees and with varying intensity.

Emphasizing the significance of the ongoing changes, experts often call them a "financial revolution". The techniques and methods of banking that have developed over the centuries are becoming more complex, acquiring new features. At the same time, completely new, original types of operations and services are emerging that have no analogues in world practice and have become possible due to a complex combination of reasons that affect the supply and demand of money capital.

The banking business has always been interesting and original. There are several directions in the international banking business. These include the consumption of banking services abroad, cross-border trade in services and other activities. In recent years, the rapid development of the banking business has been noticed, in addition, the activity of opening banking offices in other countries is considered the most profitable.

There is a certain list of services provided by banks to small businesses. Only in recent years have banks issued a large number of loans and subsidies to small businesses. Conducting banking business abroad provides for the provision of the most demanded services to the bank's clients.

These banking services include:

accumulation and lending of deposits;

currency exchange operations;

trust operations;

international payments;

transactions in the world stock markets.

The banking business provides for the provision of a huge range of services, but at the same time, lending can be considered the main and most demanded service. The development of banking activity on the territory of our country is gaining momentum every year. Modern banks today provide customers with more than 100 types of services. At the same time, the largest giant banks have become popular credit and financial multi-purpose institutions.

Both public and private banks operate in our country. A private bank is a new promising business option. When compared with other areas of activity, the banking business has significant differences. A bank is a whole system, the purpose of which is the skillful management of flows Money. It should be noted that the development of the banking business is greatly influenced by right choice strategies and their subsequent implementation, the choice of the process and the methods that are selected for its management.

Private banks appeared on the territory of the Russian Federation in 1988. Over the period of their existence, banks of this type had to overcome all stages of economic development that are typical for commercial organizations.

The private banking business is obliged to provide the maximum level of comfort for its customers. To do this, you need to spend huge sums of money. In order for a new bank to take a successful position in the market, it is necessary to wait for a long period of time: obtaining a license, the process of selecting professional employees, processing the necessary documents - these processes will drag on for about 12 months. But in fact, the procedure takes even longer. It should also be taken into account that the development of the banking business is very dependent on the key areas of banking activity.

Banking business, like others, consists of technological chains. Traditional approaches in commercial banks rely on the hierarchical structure of the organization, or the executive structure of the bank. That is, the elements that are contained in the organizational structure of the bank are standardly broken down in a hierarchical order according to functional areas focused on the performance of certain tasks.

It is very important for a bank to determine for itself not an ideal structure, but an optimal one, that is, one that will bring the best results. It should be noted that each bank solves the problems of ensuring and improving the quality of its banking business and meeting the needs of customers in different ways. At the level of one bank, everything is quite clear. For the banking business, the quality management system (QMS) of the banking industry is very important, which has its own architecture, processes and procedures that regulate documents and other components.

The most important characteristics of modern banking business in Russia and many other countries are:

financial globalization;

deregulation of the banking services market;

increased competition in banking;

computerization, financial innovation and engineering;

increasing risks.

A bank is an organization that provides services to the public in opening deposits and providing loans. Banks are necessary to manage the finances of the population. They provide money to businesses, loans to entrepreneurs, and interest rates to the public.

Like private enterprises, banks earn money and increase their capital, establish relationships with other organizations, ensuring the stable development and management of part of the banking sector. These tasks can be performed by providing in-demand services, assisting enterprises, and solving existing problems.

Banks are also a tool for managing the economy. They solve important industry tasks and regional problems. The stability and protection of the population from inflation and crisis is carried out, including by banks.

Banks support business because business is a source of income. Banks work with financial resources and manage finances. By carrying out lending activities, banks solve their problems of attracting financial resources.

Financial activities of the business, payment for services, mutual settlements are also carried out in a non-cash form of payment. Banks allow you to conduct financial transactions between companies, as well as pay wages to workers.

Working with the population, banks issue loans for business, for life, for the purchase of cars, housing. A mortgage is a form of long-term collateral in which the borrower pledges property whose value can cover the amount of the collateral. Banks provide various mortgage programs. These programs should solve the problem of improving the standard of living of the population.

The accumulation of capital and the saving of money are carried out by banks. Banks offer depositors interest rates on ruble deposits for mutually beneficial cooperation. Banks redistribute funds and provide money for business development, pay depositors interest. Those who want to keep money in foreign currency will be interested in the offer to receive interest on deposits in euros. Perhaps savings in foreign currency will be beneficial.

For large companies banks provide services for the issuance, sale, purchase, storage of securities. This is another tool that companies can use to manage their finances and raise funds.

Thus, banks perform the functions of financial management and provide their services to the public and businesses. Banks work with attracted financial resources, and act for their own benefit and capital accumulation. Banks support business, make it possible to accumulate and preserve the population's money.

Working in the field of economics, banks provide opportunities for interaction and cooperation between regions and countries, establish trade relations, provide business with financial instruments, connect the business of regions and make it possible for organizations and companies to enter into long-term relationships.

Banking is a stressful job. But at the end of last year, it became hellish: the Central Bank began to bury the wards with machine gun speed. Nobody understood the logic of proscriptions. We spent one day with the head of a bank from the top hundred and figured out how a typical credit institution works and why it is hard for a banker to live in Russia.

“You can’t earn super profits in the banking business, it’s a complete hemorrhoid,” M. complains. “We are forced to live on, conditionally, 3% of the turnover - this is the limit, on other commercial projects you can earn all 15%”

Of course, his name is not M. But he is a typical successful Russian banker, chairman of the board: designer clothes, expensive watches, two telephones on the table.

Bank cleanup in action

In 2013, the Central Bank "swept" 29 banks out of the market (in 2012 - 16, in 2011 - 18). The Deposit Insurance Agency, which guarantees the return of investments up to 700,000 rubles, set new records for payments - it started with Pushkino Bank (20.2 billion rubles), followed by Master Bank (31.2 billion rubles). ) and, finally, Investbank (29.4 billion rubles)

In total, the DIA fund lost 110 billion rubles last year. Only two banks decided to save the Central Bank - the Nizhny Novgorod "Ellips" and the Samara "Solidarity".

This year, the Central Bank has already revoked licenses from 15 banks, the most notorious case being My Bank, owned by ex-senator Gleb Fetisov. The Bank of the Central Bank did not save, despite the requests of well-known depositors, including director Nikita Mikhalkov.

The business of a bank is as simple as an egg: raise money at a low interest rate and give it to someone else at a higher interest rate. Conditionally, a deposit is attracted at 12%, at its expense a loan is issued at 15%. The difference is the same 3%, from which taxes and other costs are still deducted.

This is the so-called interest income. “In reality, there is almost nothing left of them - after all, there are still loans for which people simply do not pay - and they are also financed by borrowed money. And if we include the risk of default in interest, we have to issue loans at a crazy 17-19%,” says M.

Bankers are much more fond of non-interest income - commissions for transfers, payments, sale of insurance, and other additional services. There is no risk here - the client pays immediately. Therefore, bankers are trying to increase their share at least up to 50%.

But earning on commissions is not issuing loans. This is where people need to be approached. “People pay only when they are satisfied with the bank and its service. Any technologies and solutions - all this is copied, bought, stolen. But you can’t copy human relationships,” says M.

“I can buy boiled sausage both in a store by the road and in an expensive grocery store. I go to the last one and pay more for the same sausage. There is a beautiful shop, smiling saleswomen, and they will cut the sausage for me, put it in a bag and wrap it up. This is what I am willing to pay a premium to the cost of the same sausage. It is the same with fee and commission income - the bank must create additional value for the client, ”the banker argues.

But while bankers are establishing human relationships with clients, they mainly get money from the classic: "attracted cheaper - gave out more expensive."

Revolt of the masses

“Depositors are a crazy, uncontrollable crowd. The bank may be the best in the region. But the crowd will take it down and not notice,” says M. He is talking about “physicists” - private depositors who open deposits in banks. Their money is the most tasty morsel for any bank. Millions of people who want to save and increase are an almost inexhaustible resource. Of course, if you know how to handle it.

According to the Bank of Russia, in 2013, almost a third of all funds raised by banks - 29.5% - accounted for individuals. For comparison: the deposits of "legal" - legal entities- amounted to only 18.9% of liabilities (as borrowed funds are called in accounting).

“In some banks, the deposits of the population generally account for 80% of all liabilities,” says M. The fact is that it is very simple to lure the “physicist” to the branch: it is enough to offer a favorable interest rate - and you won’t fight off those who want to give their money away. In addition, according to the law, when a bank closes, deposits up to 700,000 rubles are reimbursed by a special Deposit Insurance Agency. There are no risks.

“The client is looking for the worst bank offering obviously inflated deposit rates. The client assigns up to 700,000 rubles, the license is revoked from the bank. An agent is appointed to pay insured depositors their funds, for example, a large reliable bank. This bank offers the depositor to open a deposit with him. And the depositor turns around and leaves: here it is 10%, and in the next “garbage heap” 16%, and the state will return the money to him anyway,” says M.

But even decent banks are not immune from problems. The population can withdraw money from the bank at any time - regardless of the urgency of its contribution. If the "physicists" fall into hysterics and massively close deposits, the bank is not laughing: free funds - liquidity - it does not have so much: everything is invested in the business, for example, issued in the form of loans. “A liquidity crisis is coming - there is simply nothing to pay for obligations,” sums up M.

What is liquidity

Liquidity is the bank's ability to ensure the full and timely fulfillment of its obligations. The sources of the bank's liquidity include money directly (at the cash desk, vault, ATMs), securities that the bank can quickly sell, interbank loans and loans from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (CB).

Insufficiency of liquidity leads to the fact that the bank does not fulfill its obligations, and excess - to a drop in its profitability: after all, this money is not invested anywhere or brings little income. The Central Bank sets mandatory liquidity ratios for banks - instant, current and long-term. Typically, a bank, insuring itself against an outflow of depositors, keeps a liquidity cushion in the amount of 10-15% of the amount of all funds.

Provoking panic is as easy as shelling pears: for example, you can order a couple of articles in the media about problems with a competitor. Or - launch a tougher information attack: seal up ATMs and branches with leaflets, start SMS mailing with a text about revoking a license, and so on.

The Russian depositor is extremely shy: many simply do not understand how the banking system works, in case of any trouble in the economy, they fall into hysterics and decide that it is safer to keep money under the pillow at home. There is another class of shy people - the rich: those who have deposits of more than 700,000 rubles.

“The trouble is that the bank does not know how many people can come for deposits,” says the banker. Banks have liquidity ratios, the minimum values of which are set by the Central Bank, but banks keep these values above the minimum in order to create a "safety cushion".

However, he admits that all this is done by feel - it is impossible to predict how many liabilities investors will "carry out". Exodus of depositors is a nightmare for any banker.

“Several billions are flowing out of the bank. If a bank has money “buried” in long-term investment projects, this is a disaster,” says M. After all, the bank will not be able to quickly complete the project and receive money right away. If not many small investors “leak” but one large one, this is also a disaster.

“Recently, a large corporate client took several billion from one bank. Its owner came to me and said - give me money. I answer him: “You are my friend, but I won’t give you money,” says M.

The result is sad: the bank's license was recently revoked.

The outflow of funds is also terrible because the bank is a machine that cannot be stopped instantly. For example, even if there is no money, in no case should you stop lending to "physicists" - rumors will instantly spread across the market and the bank may well collapse. We have to withdraw loans from the legal entities, and this is technically very difficult and, among other things, hits companies and the economy as a whole.

Contributor raids

The panic of depositors paralyzed one of the largest banks in the Samara region - "Solidarity". In November-December last year, the bank lost almost 30% of the funds of individuals, follows from its reporting. The former co-owner of Smolensky Bank, which lost its license last year, Pavel Shitov, said that the bank began to have problems after losing 15% of its liabilities, which were taken out by depositors.

The process can develop like an avalanche: after the introduction of the temporary administration at Moskomprivatbank, depositors carried away 1.1 billion rubles in one day. Among the reasons why the Central Bank revokes licenses from banks, in addition to violations of the requirements of the anti-money laundering law and the provision of false reporting, the regulator again began to indicate the loss of liquidity.

Bank jar - wolf

The second most important source of funds for a bank is interbank loans (IBK), says M. This is the money that banks lend to each other. Also, of course, at interest.

“There are donor banks that have surplus money. It's basically a grain. But they do not give loans to everyone - as a rule, to the top five or ten banks. They are more reliable,” he says.

The work of banks in the interbank loan market is structured as follows: the bank checks the financial condition of the counterparty bank. Then decides for how long the loan can be issued. “For one day you believe him and are ready to give 1 billion rubles, for a week you believe, but for a month you already believe less and you can only give 200 million rubles,” he describes the scheme. If a crisis of confidence occurs in the banking environment - all these limits are actually reduced to nothing, money can be received for one day (the so-called overnight loans).

Transactions on the interbank loan market are concluded through special electronic systems- Reuters Dealing, Delta. But you can discuss them as you like - even on the phone. The peak of operations falls on the morning and afternoon, most transactions in the system are made at the request of borrowers.

The basis of the interbank lending market is the trust of banks in each other. Now this is really bad. According to bankers, since the end of last year, the market has been limited to the first dozen banks. Medium and small banks practically cannot attract money on interbank loans.

Worst of all now are regional banks - no one gives them any money, M. says. They survive solely on deposits from the population - or try to make do with their own capital.

Such a bad central bank

Banks can take money not only from each other or from depositors, but also from the regulator - the Central Bank (CB), which sets the rules of the game for the entire banking industry. The Central Bank gives banks a variety of loans - but, as a rule, requires collateral: for example, assets and guarantees, gold or securities. The main lending instrument is the so-called REPO operations (sale and subsequent purchase of securities after a certain period at a predetermined price).

However, getting money from the Central Bank is still a pain. “In 2008, I personally tried to get a loan from the Central Bank secured by assets. One out of dozens came up. There was a check of each loan with a mountain of documentation. As a result, we were able to take only about 90 million rubles, which is almost nothing, ”says our banker.

active work

“All license revocations are related to only one thing - poor asset quality. Some banks simply didn’t have anything in their hearts,” says M.

In banking parlance, assets are where the bank invests the borrowed funds. For example, he can distribute them in the form of loans, buy securities, gold, pour them into accounts in other banks or the Central Bank, invest in land, buildings, and equipment. There is only one principle - everything should generate income.

The most profitable - to issue loans. And the most dangerous. Because no one can guarantee that they will be returned. It always happens unexpectedly. “Here we have “shot” ten-year-old loans: everything was fine, the company paid. And then the crisis came - and that's it, the delay is ready, ”the banker explains.

“To recover loans later is a dead number,” M. is categorical. “The bank comes to the debtor, but there is either no collateral, or it is five times less than stated. The collection system is not working properly.”

Close the gate slowly

Collateral is the borrower's property that the bank requires as collateral for a loan. It guarantees the bank a refund if the borrower cannot repay the loan. These are residential and commercial real estate, land, equipment, goods in circulation (for example, grain), transport, securities. The value of the collateral usually covers the amount of the loan. In order to recover the collateral, the bank must obtain a court decision, with which the bailiff, together with a bank employee, comes to the debtor to collect the collateral.

During the crisis, everyone hoped for collateral. But it turned out that it was almost impossible to sell them: this is either a specific product (for example, where to put bearings or live pigs in a jar), or real estate, which has fallen sharply in price. So many banks have formed "bad assets" - those that do not generate income and it is not clear how much they cost.

“For example, we have land - we got it as a pledge during the crisis. Formally, its cost is more than a billion, but I am ready to sell it 5 times cheaper, these several tens of thousands of hectares. But no one buys it - who needs land on which you can only engage in agriculture, ”says M.

Many banks were fond of lending to the same "physicists": in the wake of the consumer boom, they agreed to pay any interest. And what?

“What collateral can individuals have? Flat? For more than 20 years of work, I have not collected a single apartment. Disabled people, children, mentally unhealthy people - anyone are immediately registered there, ”says M.

Debtors instantly transfer all the rest of their property to someone as soon as they feel that they smell of fried. And they always feel it earlier than the banks. Even a ban on leaving the country does not stop anyone - you can safely leave, for example, through Belarus.

Only very confident banks can have fun lending to individuals, says M. The trouble is that loans are a drug. People just can't stop. "Passport, driver's license, got a loan at 60% and went to another bank for a second" - this is how our banker describes a typical loan addict. At the same time, the maximum debt burden on the borrower is 50% of the family budget, he believes.

“Here comes a woman shopping, she sees a fur coat. They give her a loan. At this moment she does not think how she will pay and does not even want to think. One thing is important for her - to go out in this fur coat, ”says the banker. Pure emotions.

Another dangerous banking hobby is investing in real estate or construction projects. Sometimes even the construction company is owned by the same banker - and he finances his own company. In case of luck, money can be raked in with a shovel, but bankers are not professional builders and, having underestimated the risks, they often lose even more than on loans to “physicists”.

“All construction projects are long projects, sales may turn out to be low in the end, and the deadlines may be delayed. So the bank “hit” - you start selling objects, but it turns out that there are already a dime a dozen on the market and it’s two times cheaper than yours, ”says M. If the bank itself borrowed money for such a project, this , consider the end.

Risky politics

In fact, the efficiency of the bank depends on how its clerks assessed the risks of investments - whether the loans issued will return or not.
There are methods by which the financial condition of the borrower is assessed. A stress test is done for legal borrowers: risk specialists look at what will happen to the company in any particular situation.

Simply put, they manipulate reporting: they substitute different values of profit, income, cost, and other things, and see if the company will have money if the situation worsens.

The decision to issue a loan to a company is made by special credit committees. They work like this: a couple of dozen high-ranking bankers are going to, who received all the papers 15 minutes before. And then they vote.

It is easier for "physicists" to get loans - usually decisions are made by an electronic scoring system that evaluates all the information provided by the borrower. Sometimes the issuance goes through the so-called "credit interview" - clerks ask the client a set of standard questions. Scoring is quite possible to deceive, says M. But it is more difficult with a manager - he can ask about small details, such as which bus stop is located next to the place of work.

“In general, incorrect assessments of borrowers are a dime a dozen,” says the banker. The problem is poor management. The result is sad: if the loan is not paid, then the bank must, from its own profit or capital, settle with those depositors (read - creditors), at whose expense it issued a "bad" loan. In banking jargon, this is called a "hole" - the value of the bank's investments is lower than it stated in all documents. If the bank does not have the money to close it, falsifications begin.

The problem is that the Central Bank constantly monitors banks, requiring them to comply with many rules. This is understandable: structures that attract other people's money should be under special control. For all banks, the Central Bank sets the so-called mandatory standards. There are 9 of them in total. Their limit values reflect the minimum at which banks are able to work. According to the indicators of standards, one can indirectly judge the financial condition of the bank and its stability. For non-compliance with the standards, the Central Bank may fine the bank, restrict or prohibit certain operations (for example, accept deposits from individuals), revoke the license.

The most problematic indicator for any bank is the H1 capital adequacy ratio, which banks are afraid to violate precisely because of “bad” assets (banks repay their debts to their depositors from their own funds and eat up capital, remaining completely without money).

Liar, liar

How to close the "hole in the balance" and deceive the controllers?
Method 1. Issue non-existent loans. Client companies are provided with a "technical" (read - non-existent) loan. The bank has a normal loan agreement under which it supposedly receives interest. And the company has a second document that certifies that it owes nothing. For inspectors, this is a normal “good” loan that makes a profit.

Method 2. Issue loans to several thousand non-existent "physicists". It is absolutely impossible to check their presence, but on paper they all also make a profit.

Method 3. Create a mutual investment fund (UIF). "Bad" loans are given to him, and the bank takes into account in its documents the securities of the mutual fund itself, which formally can cost as much as you like.

How soon will the sword of Nemesis fall on the intruder's head? As M. says, people from the Central Bank call bankers to the carpet instantly - as soon as they notice from the papers that something is wrong with the bank. For example, the issuance of money at the checkout has increased by 20% - welcome to the conversation: are you engaged in cashing out funds? Or, for example, a complaint is received from an ordinary citizen - a letter will be sent to the bank asking for an explanation. Being a banker is not so easy. In today's Russia, it seems, especially.

An interesting article from bankir.ru

Offshore banking business should be considered as a kind of offshore business in general. Along with offshore insurance, investment, trust, general trade activities, offshore shipping, banking business is developing.

The latter has become unusually widespread, so it is often completely identified with offshore business, although this is not so, it is much wider in terms of types.

Offshore banking has obvious advantages for participating companies:

Low taxation;

Facilitated and accelerated company registration;

Lack of currency regulation and direct control by the offshore state;

Confidentiality of all transactions.

The basic principle of offshore business (not to be confused

with the above conditions) in banking, as in other types of activities, is the non-resident nature of the business, or, in other words, the lack of the right to conclude business transactions with residents of an offshore country (zone). Offshore banks, as a rule, are prohibited from lending and deposit operations with offshore residents, other transactions in local currencies.

The geography of the main offshore zones is as follows. The Caribbean includes the Bahamas, the Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Barbados, and Grenada. In the Mediterranean: Andorra, Gibraltar, Monaco, San Marino, etc. In the African region: Seychelles, Liberia, in the Asia-Pacific region: Aomyn, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, etc.

Offshore banking began in 1965 when the Bank of England developed special legislation for the Bahamas, which are under the jurisdiction of the British Crown. Offshore banks registered here received the right to serve non-residents in foreign currencies. This experience was later adopted by other countries of Western Europe, the USA for their island territories or individual regions of the country (for example, in the USA, the state of Delaware).

Today, there are about 80 offshore territories and more than 6,000 offshore banks in the world. At least half of the international capital flow passes through them. From year to year, offshore assets of international banks are growing.

Despite a small share in the total assets of international banks (about 12%), in absolute terms, offshore banking capital reaches $2.5 trillion.

The position of individual offshore countries is changing: in some areas the number of registered companies is declining, in others there is a rapid growth. The specialization of offshore companies is also changing in terms of the most common types of activities. The main factors affecting the development of offshore business today: the problem of laundering "dirty" money and increasing the openness of offshore companies under "pressure" developed countries; integration processes that reduce the number of offshore companies; the situation in the world economy as a whole, etc.

The tough policy of developed countries in relation to offshore companies can be understood: annually, in the form of lost taxes to the budget, these countries lose at least 80 billion dollars, and if we take into account the criminal capital that is taken out of supervision government agencies, the negative economic consequences are even more tangible. At the same time, offshore companies should not be considered “absolute evil” in the world economy. As has already been shown, they owe their appearance to developed countries, and so far a number of offshore island states are under the jurisdiction, which means that they are completely dependent on developed countries.

Thus, the Channel Islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Sark and the Isle of Man are administrative units of the United Kingdom. Kerguelen Island and French Polynesia are subject to the French Republic, Macao (Aomen) and Madeira Island are the territories of Portugal.

The existence of offshores stimulates the international economic activity of national companies of developed countries. By reducing the tax base, such companies increase production volumes in these countries, employment and other indicators. Let's not forget that the huge international assets of offshore companies are only registered here and recorded in the accounts of international banks. Their real location is the economy of developed countries and partly developing ones.

The largest offshore banking center in terms of the number of registered banks and the volume of their international assets and liabilities is the Cayman Islands. More than 500 offshore banks are registered here, having 1.2 trillion dollars. in assets. Over 300 banks are registered on the islands of Guernsey, Jersey and Maine with assets of $125 billion, $353 billion. and 57 billion dollars. respectively. In the Bahamas, offshore banking capital reaches $286 billion.

In offshore zones, the most widespread are three types of banking licenses: "A", "B" and "C". License type "A" is issued for a period of 1 to 5 years, and its validity is automatically prolonged if the bank does not violate the conditions of activity. The license gives the right to carry out transactions with residents and non-residents of the country in any foreign currencies. Such a license is available to a small number of the most reputable and large international banks.

The majority of offshore banks operate under a type “B” license; it is offshore in the classical sense of the term, i.e. prohibits domestic transactions, but allows non-resident activities in almost any foreign currency and with any non-residents.

Type C license sets a number of restrictions on the types of foreign currencies and types of non-residents with whom transactions can be carried out. At the same time, it is easiest for an offshore bank to obtain such a license. Often, offshore banks created by wealthy individuals to manage their finances operate under such a license.

Basic terms and definitions

Eurocurrencies - national monetary units lying on deposits in banks abroad or issued in the form of loans and circulating in the markets of other countries.

Offshore - centers of non-resident business (regime) associated with a reduction or complete exclusion of income taxation foreign companies and banks registered in the country where the centers are located, characterized by limited resources for their own development.

A branch of a foreign bank and a subsidiary bank are full-fledged banking institutions that provide a full range of banking services and differ in legal status, the presence or absence of their own balance sheet and the degree of control of the parent bank.

Questions for self-control

1. What are the reasons for the universalization of banking activities in the world?

2. What services do international banks provide?

3. Name institutes and principles of regulation of the international bank activity.

4. What interests are pursued by foreign banks in Russia and Russian banks abroad?

5. Tell us about the features of modern offshore business and its role in international business.

Literature

1. Bulletin of banking statistics of the Bank of Russia, 2005-2006.

2. Loginov B.B. Foreign network of Russian banks in the CIS countries and far abroad: foreign economic aspects of development // World economy: problems and trends. Scientific book, 2000.

3. Loginov B.B. New technology of world banking business - business on the Internet // World economy: problems and trends. Scientific book, 1999.

4. Pavlov V,V. Banking services for foreign economic activity: Textbook for universities. M.: Exam, 2002.

5. Papiryan G.A. Economics and management of the banking sector: an international aspect. M.: Economics, 2004.

6. BIS Quarterly Review, 2005-2006.

Banking business, like any other, consists of technological chains. Traditional approaches (technological processes) in modern commercial banks are based on the hierarchical structure of the organization, or the executive structure. That is, the elements contained in the organizational structure of the bank, as a rule, are divided in a hierarchical order into functional areas that are oriented towards the performance of certain tasks.

At the same time, the client of the bank does not fit into the organizational structure of the bank, excluding the limited traditional range of banking services. If we follow the path of satisfying the usual needs of the client, which does not cause additional problems and does not require the resolution of the existing hierarchy, then a technological chain arises from individual links at the executive level, which closes on the satisfaction of the traditional needs of the client. Such a structural organization can completely do without a client, the main thing is that there is a source of financing to cover costs, since a traditional organization is built in accordance with the nature of the banking services provided and proceeds from the priority of services over their implementation, i.e. the bank seeks to sell those banking products and services that it is able to produce. The advantage of this organizational structure of the bank is a high level within banking specialization with high quality execution of operations, and the disadvantage is also a narrow specialization, which makes it difficult to coordinate the activities of the structural divisions of the bank and solve complex client problems. This is due to the fact that isolated divisions of the bank, due to the narrow scope of their responsibility, are not able to understand the client's problems in their entirety or recommend more suitable services from other divisions of the bank due to their own narrow specialization.

It is important for a bank to determine for itself not an ideal structure, but an optimal one, i.e. the one that gives the best results. From the position of the financial management of the client, it is necessary to build a technological structure of the bank that would correspond to the content of the link "client - banking product". Building such a link on the basis of the client's financial management technology does not require reorganization of the bank's structure, but only the introduction of a parallel technology in relation to the existing banking technological structure (banking management), but with a customer orientation for the purpose of constant technological innovations (innovations) in the bank. The system of parallel technologies is necessary for the gradual replacement by more progressive, promising technologies of the existing technological order that is losing competitiveness without its radical disruption. The gradual movement of parallel technologies, which over time fill with themselves, gradually increasing their share, the entire technological structure of the bank without disrupting its activities