The development of science in modern Russia. Round table "Resources for the development of Russian science in the XXI century"
In the context of the transition to a post-industrial society, science, as a system of knowledge and as a special type of human activity, is turning into an important area that permeates production, technology, economics, education, health care and politics.
Traditionally, it had a significant scientific potential, which has been developing since the 18th century. Initially, scientific activity was mainly localized in St. Petersburg and Moscow, where the first universities and structures of the Russian Academy of Sciences arose.
The infrastructure of science, as a result of the diffusion of various structural elements of its organizational structure (academic organizations, university science, etc.), is currently represented by a number of centers integrating various elements of the scientific complex in various combinations. At the same time, Moscow and St. Petersburg traditionally unite university and academic science. The main part of science cities is located in the European part of Russia. However, many major centers The European part of Russia is deprived of any other elements of the scientific complex, with the exception of university science.
In the future, the territorial organization of Russian science took shape in the process of its intensive spatial diffusion and was characterized by the consistent transfer of the “center” of Russian science from Moscow to Moscow (with the subsequent hypertrophied development of its research functions), as well as the emergence of more and more new university and academic poles of scientific research. activities (in the 19th century in Kazan, Tomsk, Irkutsk, Voronezh, etc.; in the 20th century in almost all major regional centers), including a network of "science cities".
Modern science is, first of all, the scientists working in it, highly qualified personnel. In the 1990s number of researchers in Russian Federation has undergone a significant reduction. By 1992, 2.3 million people, or 3.2% of all those employed in the economy, were employed in science and scientific services. In 2002, the number of people employed in science and scientific services in the country decreased to 1.2 million people, that is, almost 2 times over the past ten years, and the share of this sector was down to 1.0%. The pace of this process turned out to be unequal in individual territories of Russia.
Quite significant - over 50% - they were in a number of regions of Central Russia, as well as in certain peripheral regions of Siberia and southern Russia. At the same time, Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as some southern and northern regions, were less affected by the decline in the number of researchers - here their number decreased by no more than a third.
As a result, today many regions of the north and south of Russia, as well as most regions of the Far East, are actually deprived of real scientific potential (due to the absence or a small number of researchers). The specific number of researchers is higher than the average in a number of regions of Central Russia, in the traditional centers of science in the eastern part of the country (Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk regions).
The decline in employment in science was accompanied by a numerical growth of highly qualified personnel, including doctors of science.
dominant trend recent years– territorial deconcentration of the process of increasing the number of doctors of sciences in the composition of researchers. Thus, the most significant (more than 1.5 times) increase in the number of doctors of sciences in the regions where the saturation with them was initially minimal - in the south of Russia, in a number of peripheral Siberian regions, as well as in. At the same time, many regions of the center and north-west of Russia, where the concentration of doctors of science was also minimal, showed only average growth rates - from 1.0 to 1.5 times. There are relatively few regions where the number of doctors of sciences-researchers has decreased. Against the background of a small number of regions where the concentration of doctors of science is high, the predominant part of the regions is characterized by medium or weak concentration indicators.
The existing regional differences in the localization and dynamics of highly qualified personnel generally correspond to the placement and performance of postgraduate and doctoral studies. In terms of the number of graduates of postgraduate and doctoral studies with the defense of dissertations (reflecting center-peripheral gradients in the territorial organization of Russian science, the situation when in some regions the entire cycle of reproduction of scientific personnel is powerfully represented, while in others it is “truncated” to one degree or another) almost half of the regions of Russia belong to the territories with an insignificant number of defenses of candidate and doctoral dissertations (that is, in fact, to the scientific "periphery"). The cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the epicenters of the training of highly qualified personnel, including the graduation of doctoral students, stand out significantly against the all-Russian background. Somewhat inferior to them, but also have higher graduation rates from doctoral and postgraduate studies, some other traditional regions of the development of science (Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Sverdlovsk regions), as well as a number of regions of active development of science in recent decades in the Volga region, in the south and in the central part of Russia . A number of regions of Central Russia, as well as the Krasnodar Territory, Perm Territory and Omsk Region, also actively formed in the 1990s. its scientific potential, however, the number of defenses of candidates of sciences here often significantly exceeds the intensity of defenses of doctoral dissertations.
Training of highly qualified scientific personnel
The complexity of the structure of the territory of Russia, the presence of economic and culturally "advanced" regions and regions of outsiders contributes to the polarization of the geospace of modern Russian science, which is clearly visible both in terms of general (generally quantitative) indicators of the scientific process (number of researchers, training of highly qualified personnel in the regions of Russia, etc. .), as well as for more “subtle” indicators reflecting qualitative nuances, including citation of research results in the global system of scientific publications.
Accounting for the Science Citation Index Expanded, provided by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), covering such priority areas of scientific knowledge as physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology, research in the field of biotechnology and medicine, earth sciences, as well as technical sciences, illustrates basic features and trends in the territorial organization of modern Russian science: the continuing even increasing concentration of scientific activity in Moscow (half of the total amount of publications by country's regions) and St. Petersburg; the growth of the scientific potential of a number of "second echelon" centers (Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, Kazan, Tomsk, Irkutsk, etc.), as well as various forms of regionalization of research.
Productivity of scientific research
At the beginning of the XXI century. Russia in terms of science funding and innovation activities moved from the group of Central European countries to the group of countries with low scientific potential. The share of research and development expenditures in the gross domestic product fell to about 1.3% (in industry, this share in Lately tends to increase to about 3%).
In the first half of the 1990s the number of organizations performing research and development has declined slightly. To the greatest extent, this affected the number of design bureaus, design and design and survey organizations, which indicated the almost complete cessation of the design of production technologies and a decrease in innovative activity. By the beginning of 2000, the cost of the active part of the objects of the experimental base (buildings and structures, test sites, experimental installations, etc.) had decreased by almost 7 times; decommissioning and replacement of obsolete instruments and equipment with new ones was extremely low.
Despite the fact that by the beginning of the XXI century. the main part of the organizations retained the state form of ownership, the process of formation legal entities in the form of private research institutes (especially in the sector of industrial science), the number of organizations with a mixed Russian form of ownership and with foreign participation has increased. More than 6% of the personnel engaged in fundamental research and scientific development currently work in privately owned organizations.
In the field of science financing, the share of direct budget financing is declining and the share of non-state sources is growing, incl. receipts from abroad (10% of total spending on science). An increasing share of government allocations is distributed on a competitive basis, incl. through special budgetary and non-budgetary funds, which serve as a transitional form from centralized financing of sectoral science to direct orders from enterprises.
Patenting of Russian developments abroad and foreign ones in Russia is being stepped up. The consequence of integration into the world science and economy was the outflow of researchers to work abroad, both in the form of permanent residence, and to work on temporary contracts.
Rapid development information technologies on the basis and means of computer technology has revolutionized the processes of exchange and storage of scientific and technical information, as a result of which electronic media have significantly supplanted paper ones. Restoring a full-fledged exchange of information on electronic and paper media is the most important task of managing scientific and technical potential.
In Russia, the levels, trends and structure of funding for science and new technologies do not correspond to either current needs or the strategic task of overcoming the backlog from the leaders of the world economy. Russian science retains its positions in terms of certain results of scientific activity, in terms of its contribution to world scientific production, but the lag in the implementation of results, in the levels of technological development, in the effectiveness of state scientific and innovation policy, is not only behind developed countries, but also from developing increases.
The main problems of the state scientific and innovation policy of the Russian Federation are inconsistency, inability to formulate and implement scientific and innovation priorities. The reduction in public funding of science to the level of the small countries of Western Europe did not lead to an increase in the efficiency of public spending, to progressive shifts in the structure of priorities. The reserve for optimizing the use of budgetary funds for solving the most important current problems of the economy and society, creating groundwork for the future has not been used. As a result, the repeated lag behind the leading countries in the scale of research and development in the most important areas, in the real provision of Russia's declared state priorities has deepened over the past 10-15 years and may persist in the future.
Innovative activity based on the implementation of large scientific and technical projects has not become a priority for the development of Russian private sector companies. Fragmentary data on the nature and scale of innovation activity in the fuel and energy complex and mechanical engineering suggest that, for the time being, the importance of the innovation component in the functioning of the most important component of our economy remains rather low. The same can be said about the Russian automotive industry as a whole: it is in a difficult position and has long lagged behind the global leaders in terms of innovative renewal.
Large companies - leaders of the Russian commodity sector have relatively recently begun to form innovative strategies, while only a few are positioned as strategic innovators. Of the entire spectrum of raw materials industries, metallurgy is the most technologically advanced industry, which is characterized by a high level of processing of primary raw materials, the presence of several companies that are actively leading. The result of this was: the positive dynamics of the technological structure, consistently high investment activity, and the growth of global competitiveness.
Russian aircraft manufacturing companies are in a difficult economic situation, which is associated both with the tightening of global competition in this area, and with inconsistency and inconsistency public policy. As a result, this branch of traditional Russian haitsk is on the verge of losing the unique scientific, technical and innovative potential, and a small number of international cooperation projects do not yet provide a reliable basis for the revival of national producers.
Among the branches of the new economy in Russia, telecommunications companies are leading. A feature of the innovative model of these companies is the widespread introduction of advanced foreign network technologies, the localization of foreign technological solutions, and the active promotion of new services and products on the market. Few companies form innovative strategies associated with the stake on the independent development of new technologies, purposefully pursue a course towards the construction, formation and implementation of innovative strategies. In order to increase the knowledge intensity of products and thereby make the companies of the new economy in the full sense of the word high-tech, purposeful systematic work with innovations, including management, is necessary. intellectual property, interaction with state funds for R&D and innovation support, development of methods and formation of procedures for assessing innovative potential, creation and support of venture funds and other innovation infrastructure - technology parks, ITC, business incubators.
One of the main sources of innovation generation - small innovative business - today in Russia is in unfavorable conditions. The number of newly created small innovative companies is decreasing every year, and the level of technologies they promote is becoming less competitive. Most successful small and medium innovative enterprises were created in the early 1990s, i.e. based on the scientific potential of the USSR.
Prospects for the development of science in Russia
In the context of global development and taking into account the possibilities of state policy and the business sector to adapt science and innovation to global trends, the situation in the field of high technologies in Russia in the future until 2015-2020. for Russia, it can develop according to at least four options.
Inertial, pessimisticThe continuation of current trends of low actual priority of scientific and innovative activities in the general priorities of the state and the private sector will lead to the gradual degradation of research teams in a wide range of fundamental and applied research, including those that form a new technological order. This may mean the final consolidation of Russia's status as a fuel and raw material appendage of the world's post-industrial core, with a gradual loss of the long-term foundations of competitiveness of technologically complex industries of the fourth technological order (aircraft and rocket building, nuclear industry, power engineering), which form the production basis of the country's defense capability.
Inertial optimisticIncome from raw material exports is increasingly used (with active state support) to modernize the basic sectors of the manufacturing industry, transport and communications, as well as to pull up the information complex industries in the regions to the indicators of cities and leading regions. The implementation of an economic breakthrough strategy based on the technological developments of the leaders of the developed world, including through direct investment mechanisms of knowledge-intensive TNCs, can provide significant savings in time and money, but requires a high level of justification and flexibility of economic policy, built taking into account long-term global development trends.
Moderately optimisticA moderately optimistic variant suggests the possibility of a gradual positive dynamics in the public sector of science, provided that it is effectively transformed and “centers of excellence” are created in the breakthrough areas of the new technological order with the prospect of creating economically significant discoveries and innovations in the second half of the forecast period. This scenario also includes the possibility of a number of large Russian companies, including fuel and energy companies, switching to an innovative path of development, to which fierce competition in the world markets is pushing them, increasingly associated with the possession of scientific and technical knowledge, the quality of human capital and the implementation organizational and managerial innovations. The combination of these trends in the public and private sectors would make it possible to carry out a deep technological modernization of the production apparatus of the extractive and processing industries, the service sector, and housing and communal services, relying on national producers. This option requires a sharp activation and improvement of the effectiveness of the state scientific and innovation policy.
OptimisticAn optimistic, but the least realistic option, along with the solution of the above tasks, suggests the possibility of creating a powerful core of economically viable high-tech industries of the fourth and fifth technological modes and turning Russia into a major manufacturer and exporter of high-tech products on this basis.
In all cases, the autarkic development of any science-intensive industries, without being tied to the global market, is impossible, but full-fledged full-scale integration of Russian manufacturers into the world haitsk market is unlikely. At best, they will retain and strengthen their "niche advantages" on the basis of international cooperation and meet the needs of the country's domestic market for high-tech products. One way or another, Russia most likely will not be able to oppose the US, EU countries, Japan and China with a full range of industries of mass competitive production of technologically complex goods and services.
Since 2005, the attention of state authorities to the scientific, technical and innovation sphere has noticeably increased. This article presents the authors' view of the current situation in the field of science and innovation in Russia, and also identifies the development trends in this area based on the analysis.
On September 14, 2006, by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 563, the Government Commission for the Development of Industry and Technologies was established. The appearance of this body is quite logical in view of the large-scale changes carried out over the past 2 years, mainly in terms of organizing innovation processes in the Russian Federation (the appearance of state and mixed funds (venture, investment) that contribute to the implementation of scientific developments, the creation of special economic zones of a technology-innovative type and etc.). The main task of the new commission is "to ensure the interaction of executive authorities in the development and implementation of the main directions of state policy on issues related to increasing economic growth rates, diversifying the structure industrial production, increasing the competitiveness of domestic products, developing the scientific, technical and innovative potential of the country, and qualitatively changing the structure of exports” .
The creation of the commission, as well as a wide range of issues related to the field of science and innovation, which is within its competence, testifies to the intention of the Government to qualitatively change the structure of the Russian economy, making the development of high-tech industries the basis of the state's economic growth. “According to the plan of the Ministry of Economic Development, the share of the “new economy” (communications, electronics, IT, precision engineering, space development, aircraft and shipbuilding) should grow from the current 5.6% of GDP to 8-10% in 2009-2010. Today, the main share in Russia's GDP is made up of such industries as the fuel industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemistry, and metalworking. At the same time, oil prices, which have been rising over the past three and a half years, have become the main factor in economic growth. Record oil prices guarantee us high rates of economic growth, but do not allow us to really judge its quality. In this sense, the Stabilization Fund being formed is nothing but a tool that restrains inflationary processes in the country. On the other hand, it is high energy prices that make it possible today to change the structure of the Russian economy, focusing on the development of high-tech industries. To do this, at the state level, it is necessary to take measures that would contribute to the commercialization of scientific developments. It is the implementation stage that is the most problematic in Russia today. Possible reason This lies in the organizational structure of modern Russian science.
To date, the organizational structure of the sphere of science and innovation can be represented as follows (see Diagram 1).
Scheme 1. Organizations in the scientific and technical field
As already noted, the organizational core of the structure is the Government Commission for the Development of Industry and Technology, which is the coordinator of activities carried out by state executive bodies in the field of science and innovation, represented by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Information technologies and communications. At the same time, the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) plays a special role in conducting scientific research and implementing developments.
The Russian Academy of Sciences is an independent non-profit organization with state status. The RAS is mainly engaged in conducting fundamental research in various fields of knowledge. At the same time, there are funds at the RAS that contribute to the implementation of the most promising scientific developments. These are the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation (RHF), the Fund for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere. In the context of the need to preserve the integrity of the state and stabilize the economy in the first half of the 90s of the XX century, the creation of these funds was the only measure taken to support ongoing scientific research and to promote the implementation of their results.
The RFBR was established by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of April 27, 1992 No. 426 "On urgent measures to preserve the scientific and technical potential of the Russian Federation." The foundation is "financed from the state budget and supports scientists on a non-repayable basis" . One of the important directions in the work of the RFBR is the creation of databases on scientific developments and the provision of information about them to interested parties. The Russian Humanitarian Foundation separated from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research in 1994. The main objectives of the foundation are "support for humanitarian scientific research and the dissemination of humanitarian scientific knowledge about society." It is financed by the Russian Humanitarian Foundation at the expense of appropriations in the amount of 0.5% of the funds from the federal budget allocated for the development of science. The Foundation for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere was established on February 3, 1994. Since 2001, its funding has increased from 0.5% to 1.5% of funds allocated to science from the federal budget. The Fund provides financial support to high-performance science-intensive projects developed by small businesses. Financing of projects is carried out on a parity basis with small innovative enterprises. The selection of projects supported by the RAS funds is carried out on a competitive basis.
Another equally important body in the field of science and innovation in view of recent changes is the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (MEDT), which focuses on the implementation stage of developments, investing in innovative projects. The MEDT has recently formed the Federal Agency for the Management of Special Economic Zones, which also manages the Investment Fund of the Russian Federation. Among the types of special economic zones (SEZs) that have already been created and are being created, within the framework of the topic we are considering, it is important to single out technology-innovative SEZs. To date, four such zones have been created in various subjects of the Russian Federation, with their own specialization:
- in Dubna - research in the field of nuclear technology;
- in Zelenograd - microelectronics;
- in St. Petersburg - information technology;
- in Tomsk - new materials.
The purpose of creating a special economic zone of a technology-innovative type is state support for innovative enterprises by providing tax benefits to residents of the special economic zone and simplifying the customs regime. At the same time, the state assumes the obligation to build the infrastructure of the SEZ. The procedure for financing the creation of the SEZ is established by the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation represented by the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, the subject of the Russian Federation and the administration of the city on whose territory the SEZ was created. It should be noted that the term of the SEZ is 20 years. The main requirement for companies that wish to become residents of a technology-innovation SEZ is the technology-innovation nature of their activities in the territory of such a SEZ. In the spring of 2006, the acceptance of applications began from companies that expressed their intention to become residents of these SEZs, however, contrary to federal expectations and the efforts local authorities, only 7 residents are now registered in the SEZ of the technology-innovative type (see).
Another government measure aimed at a qualitative change in the structure of the Russian economy should be the Investment Fund of the Russian Federation. It is one of the objects of state support in the implementation of investment projects. This fund was created by Government Decree No. 694 dated November 23, 2005. The sources of the fund's formation are super-incomes of the federal budget. Its volume in 2006 is 72 billion rubles and, according to the former head of the Federal Agency for the Management of Special Economic Zones Yuri Nikolayevich Zhdanov, in 2007 it can be increased to 200 billion rubles. However, at the moment, the funds of the Investment Fund of the Russian Federation are used mainly for the construction of social and economic infrastructure facilities of great national importance.
In turn, in order to invest in innovative projects, OJSC Russian Venture Company (OJSC RVC) was recently created. Interestingly, the creation of the company is financed by the Investment Fund of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the Regulations on the Investment Fund of the Russian Federation clearly define the criteria that must be met by projects applying for financing from the fund. RVC OJSC does not meet these criteria. In particular, this concerns the need to go through the project selection procedure, to provide 25% of the funds necessary for the implementation of the project by the commercial organizations participating in it. In 2006, 5 billion rubles are allocated from the fund, and in 2007 - 10 billion. The responsibility for the creation of this joint-stock company lies with the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, namely, it needs to ensure an increase in the authorized capital of the company, as well as "to approve the rules for conducting a competitive selection of candidates for members of the board of directors of the company who are not civil servants.
It is planned to create 10-12 regional venture funds through RVC OJSC in the form of closed-end investment funds (ZPIF), 49% of whose shares will be owned by the state. To date, the management companies of five regional venture funds in Moscow, the Republic of Tatarstan, the Perm Territory, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and the Tomsk Region have been officially established and identified. For these purposes, 1,020 million rubles are allocated from the federal budget.
The goal set by the Government when implementing these measures is to create a venture industry in Russia to implement priority innovative projects by attracting private capital, as this is the most profitable tool for supporting the ideas of small innovative enterprises. However, the conditions for the functioning of funds (high level of control of closed-end investment funds by the FFMS, stringent requirements for the management company, in particular, the long term of its operation in this market in Russia, the focus of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade on a stable, low rate of return) rather indicate the intention of the Government to develop investment projects, sold by stable Russian companies. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between conventional and venture investments and promote the development of the former if the state seeks to obtain a significant economic effect from innovation.
One of the industries that the Government is betting on when creating a “new” economy is the information technology industry. This is understandable, given the recent growth rates demonstrated by both the global and domestic IT industries. According to the Minister of Information Technologies and Communications of the Russian Federation Leonid Reiman, in 2005 alone, the average growth rate of the information and communication technologies (ICT) market “compared to 2004 amounted to from 27 to 40%, while the volume of exports software in 2005 grew by 50% to $994 million.” In general, in recent years, the information technology market has grown by 20-25% per year. In 2005, the share of ICT in Russia's GDP was 5%. On the other hand, the organization of companies in this industry does not require significant investments of public and private capital, moreover, already at this stage there are Russian companies known in the world market. An example is the Kaspersky Lab Company. Today it is "an international group of companies headquartered in Moscow and representative offices in the UK, China, France, USA, Germany, Romania, Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands and Poland. The Company's partner network unites more than 500 companies in more than 60 countries of the world. However, this is an example of individual large companies and does not characterize the ICT industry as a whole, which is represented mainly by companies with a turnover of less than $1 million. These companies operate in conditions of fierce competition with Western corporations, so they need state support. To obtain a positive economic effect, effective measures would be to provide companies in the IT industry with tax incentives and reduce administrative barriers (in particular, simplify the process of licensing certain types of activities and conducting export-import activities) . The implementation of these measures is now slow.
At the same time, the Government is taking other steps that may stimulate the development of the industry. Namely, by the end of 2006, the Federal Agency for the Development of Exports in the Sphere of Information Technologies should be created within the framework of the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications of the Russian Federation, which should contribute to a significant increase in the share of Russian IT products in the world market.
Another measure of state support for the industry is the formation of the Russian Investment Fund for Information and Communication Technologies (RIF ICT) . The goal set by the Government when creating this fund is to support the implementation of innovative projects in the IT industry. This fund should become an impetus to ensure a constant flow of private investment in this industry. Oddly enough, funding for the creation of the fund, as in the case of RVC, is carried out at the expense of the Investment Fund of the Russian Federation, while canceling a number of requirements for projects financed by it.
Finally, another government step towards the implementation of the developments of IT companies was the government-approved state program "Creation of technoparks in the Russian Federation in the field of high technologies" . The technology parks that have been operating so far have been created in various sectors of the economy thanks to private initiatives. For example, the Kalininsky technopark, created in the Voronezh region on the initiative of enterprises operating on the basis of Voronezhpress OJSC and with the support of the regional authorities in November 2005, specializes in the electrical and metalworking industries. Within the framework of the state program, it is planned to develop high-tech industries (nano-, biotechnologies, etc.), the catalyst for the development of which, according to the idea of the government, should be the information technology industry. This is probably why the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications is responsible for the implementation of this program. Otherwise, it is difficult to explain the jurisdiction of these technoparks to this ministry.
Despite the fact that the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade and the Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications of the Russian Federation have a fairly wide range of powers in the implementation of state policy in the scientific, technical and innovation sphere, the main body that develops and implements state policy in this area is the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and, in particular, the Federal Agency for Science and Innovation.
One of the oldest tools to support the scientific sphere, implemented within the framework of this ministry, is the creation of science cities on the territory of the Russian Federation. The federal law defining the status of a science city was adopted back in 1999. In the conditions of the post-crisis state of the economy, in our opinion, this was the only possible measure at that time to support science in order to preserve the scientific potential and ensure the strategic goals of the state. Solving the problems of the economic and social spheres, which was of paramount importance at that stage, the lack of financial resources from the state, the gigantic amount of external debt of the Russian Federation accumulated by that time - all this and much more overshadowed the solution of deep problems of science. At the same time, one should not forget about the preservation of state security.
Thus, the adoption of the law on the status of a science city and the assignment of this status to certain territories of the Russian Federation was a formal measure at that time, contributing to the preservation of old scientific centers. At that stage of development, the choice of territories for assigning the status was determined, in our opinion, first of all, by the specialization of the scientific activity of the territories and its compliance with the strategic goals of state defense since Soviet times. Secondly, there was a unique technological base, which did not require the state to invest funds for the construction of infrastructure. Thus, science cities have made it possible to preserve the existing scientific potential of some territories and have become a tool for ensuring state interests in the scientific and technical sphere.
It can be said that only present stage The development of the science city has finally become a really functioning tool for the development of strategic areas of science. Since 2003, the status of a science city has been assigned to new territories, while the very concept of a science city of the Russian Federation has been clarified. Since January 1, 2006, the science city has been "a municipal formation with the status of an urban district, which has a high scientific and technical potential, with a city-forming scientific and production complex" (see).
Thus, it is necessary to emphasize the following trends, based on the studied material.
First, as already noted, science cities have become and are currently scientific centers that ensure the implementation of the strategic goals of the state, including increasing defense capability, strengthening food security, and searching for new types of medicines.
Secondly, when choosing territories to which the status of a science city was assigned, priority was given to those territories that were old Soviet scientific centers and retained their potential. This trend in the implementation of state policy in the field of science and innovation continues today, and not only in relation to science cities, but also to technology-innovative special economic zones. For example, Tomsk, where a special economic zone of this type was created, was a Russian scientific center back in the 19th century. The Imperial Tomsk University was founded in 1878 and was the first university in Siberia and the Far East. Tomsk State University actively participates in competitions for grants from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Russian Humanitarian Foundation (more than 500 studies have been completed over the past 5 years) and is the leader among Russian universities in terms of the number of winners of various prizes and awards.
Thirdly, it should be noted the trend of the last two years, which is manifested in the wide scope of the state campaign for the development of the scientific, technical and innovation sphere in Russia. This is confirmed by the analysis of government measures presented in the first part of this paper.
Fourthly, the ongoing state scientific, technical and innovation policy is unbalanced on a territorial basis. So, we can single out 2-3 regions where the state has concentrated its efforts. In the European part of Russia - this is Moscow and the Moscow region, in Siberia and the Far East, which represents 2/3 of the territory of Russia - these are the Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions. The Urals remained practically uncovered in this regard. For example, only in the Perm Territory government measures are being taken to develop the innovation environment. Two venture funds are being created there, one of which is initiated by AFK Sistema. This situation causes dissatisfaction, for example, in the Sverdlovsk region, where the Ural Venture Fund has recently ceased to exist. At the same time, many territories of the Russian Federation, where significant scientific research was carried out during the Soviet era (Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod Region, Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory), can be potentially priority research centers.
Finally, it is important to note that when the state implements measures aimed at the development of science and innovation, the political component of the campaign is largely ahead of the economic one. Here a prime example are all the same SEZs. Companies do not yet seek to become residents. This may be due to the high requirements for companies wishing to become residents, as well as insufficient work government agencies held in order to clarify the procedure for granting the status of a SEZ resident.
Sometimes, watching the actions of our government, there is a feeling that it seeks to solve problems by quantity, not quality. And it is to solve problems instead of changing the system. Solving the existing problem, the state is ready to direct all the resources at its disposal to this end. At the same time, it is sometimes quite enough to take several measures in time, interconnected with each other, and implement them from beginning to end.
One gets the impression that the measures taken today by our Government are aimed at supporting individual scientific centers and territories. How these measures will be implemented will largely determine the possible development paths. The first scenario may lead to the emergence of a small number of large scientific centers, which, with proper management, can become the "locomotives" of scientific and technological progress and ensure the implementation of the state's goals of building a "new" economy and a full-fledged nationwide innovation environment. In the second development option, priority state support for individual research centers may lead to a gap between them and other centers, which are unlikely to receive such support. A possible outcome will be either the disappearance of the latter, or, much worse, the unreasonable waste of resources on them without obtaining any economic, scientific effect. As a result, our aspirations to build an innovative economy will remain only aspirations, which we can only judge from archival documents.
Thus, we outlined the latest measures taken by the state in the field of science and innovation, identified trends and possible options its development. Unfortunately, behind the grandeur of the ongoing activities, the state often does not notice small flaws that become significant barriers that hinder the process of building a full-fledged innovation environment in Russia. What will be the results of the state measures taken today, we will be able to see and evaluate them only after a few years.
Attachment 1
| SEZ Resident | Information about the resident |
| SEZ "Dubna" (Moscow region) | |
| Luxoft Dubna LLC | The founder is the Luxoft group of companies (IBS). The volume of services in 2005 was 991 million rubles. rubles |
| OJSC "Management company" Dubna-System " | Development of ion-plasma technologies and implementation of nanotechnologies in the production of new materials |
| SEZ in St. Petersburg | |
| Group of companies "Transas" | As part of the Transas group of companies, applications for membership in the technology-innovative special economic zone were submitted by Transas CJSC, Stroytek LLC |
| ZAO Transas-Technologies | |
| SEZ in Tomsk | |
| LLC "Tomskneftekhim" | SIBUR company |
| SEZ in Moscow (Zelenograd) | |
| OAO Zelenograd Innovation and technology center" |
Specializes in providing services in the field of innovative business |
| Alfachip LLC | Areas of activity - scientific and technical support and maintenance of design and development processes in the production of submicron very large integrated circuits (VLSI) and systems on a chip, as well as the design of VLSI and systems on a chip for foreign and domestic customers |
Appendix 2
Current and potential science cities of the Russian Federation
| Science city of the Russian Federation | Status assignment date | Specialization | |
| Locality | The subject of the Russian Federation | ||
| Awarded the status of a science city of the Russian Federation | |||
| Obninsk | Kaluga region | 06.05.2000 | Atomic research, new materials |
| Dubna | Moscow region | 20.12.2001 | Nuclear Research |
| Korolev | Moscow region | 16.09.2002 | Aerospace |
| Koltsovo | Novosibirsk region | 11.01.2003 | Bioengineering, viral biology |
| Michurinsk | Tambov Region | 04.11.2003 | Genetics, breeding, plant biochemistry, research in the agro-industrial complex |
| Fryazino | Moscow region | 29.12.2003 | Civil and defense electronics |
| Reutov | Moscow region | 29.12.2003 | Aerospace systems and technologies, alternative power industry |
| Peterhof | St. Petersburg |
23.07.2005 | Electronics, communications, ecology, molecular and cellular biology, military equipment |
| Pushchino | Moscow region | 27.10.2005 | Biological research |
| Biysk | Altai region | 21.11.2005 | Military space chemistry |
| The assignment of the status of a science city of the Russian Federation is being completed | |||
| Zhukovsky | Moscow region | aircraft industry | |
| Troitsk | Moscow region | Aerospace industry, nuclear complex | |
| Dimitrovgrad | Ulyanovsk region | Nuclear complex, nuclear energy | |
| It is planned to assign the status of a science city of the Russian Federation in the near future | |||
| Kovrov | Vladimir region | Mechanical engineering, armament | |
| Seversk | Tomsk region | BUT | |
| Pinery | Leningrad region | Power industry, nuclear complex | |
| Chernogolovka | Moscow region | Physics, chemistry, mineralogy and biology | |
Literature
1. "On licensing certain types of activities." Law of the Russian Federation of August 8, 2001 No. 128-FZ
2. "On the status of the science city of the Russian Federation." Law of the Russian Federation of April 7, 1999 No. 70-FZ
3. "On Special Economic Zones in the Russian Federation". Law of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2005 No. 116-FZ
4. "On the Federal Agency for the Management of Special Economic Zones." Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2005 No. 855
5. “On the establishment of an open joint-stock company “Russian Investment Fund for Information and Communication Technologies”. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 9, 2006 No. 476
6. "On the Federal Agency for the Management of Special Economic Zones." Government Decree of August 19, 2005 No. 530
7. "On the Fund for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere". Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 3, 1994 No. 65
8. "On open joint stock company Russian Venture Company. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 24, 2006 No. 516
10. Directions of scientific, scientific-technical and innovative activities, experimental developments, testing and training of personnel, which are priority for Dubna as a science city of the Russian Federation in 2001-2006. Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 20, 2001 No. 1472
11. Directions of scientific, scientific-technical and innovative activity, experimental development, testing and training of personnel, which are priority for the city of Korolev as a science city of the Russian Federation in 2002-2006. Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 16, 2002 No. 987
12. Directions of scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities, experimental developments, testing and training of personnel, which are priorities for the city of Michurinsk as a science city of the Russian Federation in 2003-2007. Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 4, 2003 No. 1306
13. Directions of scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities, experimental development, testing and training of personnel, which are priorities for the city of Reutov as a science city of the Russian Federation in 2003-2007. Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2003 No. 1530
14. Directions of scientific, scientific-technical and innovative activity, experimental development, testing and training of personnel, which are priorities for the city of Fryazino as a science city of the Russian Federation in 2003-2007. Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2003 No. 1531
15. Directions of scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities, experimental development, testing and training of personnel, which are priority for the working settlement of Koltsovo Novosibirsk region as a science city of the Russian Federation in 2003-2007. Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 17, 2003 No. 45
16. Regulations on the Government Commission for the Development of Industry and Technology. Approved Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 14, 2006 No. 563
17. Directions of scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities, experimental development, testing and training of personnel, which are priorities for the city of Biysk (Altai Territory) as a science city of the Russian Federation and corresponding to priority areas for the development of science, technology and technology of the Russian Federation. Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 21, 2005 No. 688
18. Directions of scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities, experimental development, testing and training of personnel, which are priorities for the city of Peterhof as a science city of the Russian Federation and corresponding to priority areas for the development of science, technology and technology of the Russian Federation. Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 23, 2005 No. 449
19. Directions of scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities, experimental development, testing and training of personnel, which are priorities for the city of Pushchino (Moscow Region) as a science city of the Russian Federation and corresponding to priority areas for the development of science, technology and technology of the Russian Federation. Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 27, 2005 No. 642
20. Agreement on the establishment on the territory of the city of Dubna (Moscow region) of a special economic zone of a technology-innovative type dated January 18, 2006
21. Agreement on the establishment in the territory of Moscow of a special economic zone of a technology-innovative type dated January 18, 2006
22. Agreement on the establishment in the territory of St. Petersburg of a special economic zone of a technology-innovative type dated January 18, 2006
23. Agreement on the establishment in the territory of the city of Tomsk of a special economic zone of a technology-innovative type dated January 18, 2006
24. Charter of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Approved by the General Assembly Russian Academy science November 14, 2001
25. Charter of the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation. Approved by Government Decree of May 7, 2001 No. 347
26. Country of Science — RFBR // Bulletin of the RFBR. - 2000. - No. 2
27. Visloguzov V. The government will refuse the "new economy" in tax benefits // Kommersant. - 2006. - September 18
Notes
Regulations on the Government Commission for the Development of Industry and Technology. Approved Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 14, 2006 No. 563. - P. 4.
Visloguzov V. The government will refuse the "new economy" in tax benefits // Kommersant. - 2006. - September 18.
Charter of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Approved by the General Meeting of the Russian Academy of Sciences on November 14, 2001 - P. 1.
Alfimov M.V., Minin V.A., Libkind A.N. Country of Science — RFBR // Bulletin of the RFBR. - 2000. - No. 2.
Charter of the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation. Approved by Government Decree No. 347 of May 7, 2001. - P. 6.
"On the Fund for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere". Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 3, 1994 No. 65. - Pp. 1.3.
"On the Federal Agency for the Management of Special Economic Zones". Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2005 No. 855. - P. 1.
"On the Federal Agency for the Management of Special Economic Zones". Government Decree of August 19, 2005 No. 530. - Clause 5.7. - Pp. 8-11.
"On Special Economic Zones in the Russian Federation". Law of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2005 No. 116-FZ. - Art. 6. - P. 6.
Alexey Zhurov, Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, Institute of Mathematical Methods in Economics and Crisis Management.
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