Post natural fibers of plant origin. Presentation on the topic "animal fibers"
LESSON DEVELOPMENT
technology teacher MBU gymnasium No. 35 g. o. Tolyatti
Subject: Technology
Lesson topic: Classification of textile fibers. natural fibres.
Lesson Objectives:
Educational: to acquaint students with the classification of textile fibers, with cotton and linen fabrics; to form the ability to distinguish between textile fibers and fabrics; to form knowledge and skills of the correct use of cotton and linen fabrics.
Developing: develop creative perception, spatial thinking; develop an aesthetic perception of the world, observation, imagination, creativity.
Educational: to cultivate the ability to cooperate, collectivism; establish contacts with peers and the teacher;
care, diligence, patience.
Lesson type: explanation of new material.
Equipment:
1. Textbook "Technology". Simonenko VD.
2. Visual aids collections "Cotton", "Linen", "Textile fibers".
3. Posters and schemes for obtaining fabric in textile production.
4. Samples of cotton and linen fabrics.
5.Magnifiers, scissors, colored paper, workbook.
Dictionary Keywords: materials science, classification, textile fibers, cotton, linen fabrics.
Modern educational technologies used in the lesson:
1. Health-saving technology.
2. Technology of group work.
3. Problem-dialogic technology.
4. Technology of self-developing learning.
5. Information and communication technologies.
DURING THE CLASSES.
I.Organizing time. Valeopause according to health-saving technology. Breathing exercises .
Long awaited call.
The lesson starts.
Put your mind and heart into work!
Cherish every minute of your work!
Let's get ready for a good job. Let's take a deep breath.
Breathing exercises.
1.-Guys, stand up straight, arms at your sides, feet shoulder-width apart. Take short, like an injection, breaths, sniffing loudly. Nostrils - "front door" to the lungs, Inhale through the mouth - exhale through the emergency passage. 2. Take a deep long breath and without holding your breath - exhale. On the inhale, inflate the belly, on the exhale, retract the belly. Repeat 2-3 times. Well done! Now quietly take your jobs.
Checking the readiness of students for the lesson. (Workbook, drawing tools, magnifying glass, sewing needle).
II. Updating of knowledge, skills and abilities. Problem dialogue.
Questions to repeat.
Problem dialogue.
1. Guys, tell me, what are the clothes that we wear made of?
2. Do you think it is possible to get clothes from wood or oil?
3. What is the fabric used to make clothes?
4. Why do we need to know about the origin and properties of fiber?
5.What kinds of fiber do you know?
6. What science studies the structure and properties of the fiber?
7. What fibers are called chemical?
III. Explanation of new material.
1. Word of the teacher. Lesson objectives.
Today in the lesson we will try to answer these questions and others in more detail. You will get acquainted with the classification of textile fibers, learn to distinguish between fibers and fabrics, find out what products can be made from cotton and linen fabrics.
There are many different things and products in the world. And the fabrics themselves are so different: smooth and fleecy, dense and thin, light and heavy, warm and cool ... But they are all called by one word - “fabrics”, which means they have a lot in common. If you look at any fabric through a magnifying glass, you will see the interlacing of the thread. To sew a product, you need to choose the right fabric, find out its properties. Therefore, before proceeding with the manufacture of a garment, we will get acquainted with the basics of sewing materials science.
2. Vocabulary and lexical work (work with terms). Video slide No. 1 "Fabrics and fibers"
Sewing material science studies the structure and properties of materials used for the manufacture of garments.
Fiber- These are very thin, flexible, strong threads, the length of which is several times greater than their transverse dimensions.
Textile fibers- these are fibers that are used to make yarn, thread, fabrics and other textile products.
Textile is a material that is made on a loom by interlacing yarn or threads.
Cotton fabric It is a material made from cotton fibres.
linen fabric- This is a material made from flax fibers.
natural fibers- these are fibers of plant, animal and mineral origin, which are formed in nature without human intervention,
3. Self-observation of students. Work with the table "Classification of textile fibers". Video slide number 2.
Dialogue on the topic: "Textile fibers".
The task:
1. Study the diagram in the video slide "Classification of textile fibers."
2. Answer the questions:-
What groups are textile fibers divided into?
What is the origin of textile fibers?
Animal origin |
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4. Individual messages of students (creative homework) .
Chemical fibers are divided into artificial and synthetic. From artificial, acetate and viscose fibers are obtained, and from synthetic nylon and lavsan. Scientists have long tried to unravel what silk is made of by a tight silkworm caterpillar. When checking the chemical composition of leaves and silk, it turned out: the leaves are composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, that is, from cellulose; and silk, in addition to carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, also contains nitrogen. This means that if cellulose is treated with nitric acid, silk threads can be obtained from it. People received such artificial silk and called it nitro silk. But a dress made from it is dangerous, as it is flammable. And the idea to get artificial silk from wood did not leave scientists. Finally, a method was invented when from cellulose by processing chemicals managed to get viscose. At chemical factories, artificial silk and silk threads are obtained from viscose.
Natural fibers are divided into three groups: animal origin (wool, silk); mineral origin (asbestos); plant origin(linen, cotton).
1.Chemical fibers
2.Natural fibers
5. Valeopause according to health-saving technology.
Exercises for the musculoskeletal system.
6. Independent pair work of students according to the textbook.
The task:
1. Study the material on plant fibers on your own. (Page 5, No. 1).
2. Answer the questions:
What plants are plant fibers derived from?
What are the properties of cotton and linen fibers?
What are cotton fabrics called?
What products are made from fibers and fabrics of plant origin?
7. Doubles dialogue of students on the topic "Plant fibers" (Speech by one group).
8. Individual practical work on the topic "Natural fibers of plant origin" using an interactive whiteboard.
Materials and tools: collection "Fibres", magnifying glass, textbook, workbook.
The task:
1. Consider cotton and linen fibers.
2.Compare them in appearance and feel.
3. Fill in the table in your workbooks.
4. Draw a conclusion: what is the difference between cotton and linen fibers?
5. Give a detailed answer to this question.
8. The word of the teacher. Based on the primary ideas about the differences in plant fibers, conduct a comparative analysis of cotton and linen fabrics and conclude what properties linen and cotton fabrics have. The task.
9. Independent group work using an interactive whiteboard
Goals and objectives: Educational: To familiarize students with technological process production of chemical fibers. To acquaint students with the properties of fabrics made of artificial and synthetic fibers. Developing: Contribute to the formation and development cognitive interest students to the subject. Contribute to the formation and development of the intellectual qualities of the individual. Develop logical thinking. Educational: To cultivate practicality and promote the development of aesthetic taste.
Manufacture of chemical fibers Stage I: Obtaining a spinning solution. For artificial fiber: Dissolution of pulp in alkali. For synthetic fiber: addition chemical reactions various substances. Stage II: Fiber formation. Passing the solution through the dies. The number of holes in the die is thousands. The solution hardens, forming solid thin filaments. Stage III: Fiber finishing. The threads are washed, dried, twisted, processed high temperature. Bleach, dye, treat with a soap solution.
Fabrics of synthetic origin polyester fibers polyamide fibers polyacrylonitrile fibers elastane fibers lavsan crimplen dederon nylon acryl nitron dorlastan lycra Raw material – gas. As a result of complex chemical reactions, fibers are obtained
Laboratory work: Determination of the composition of fabrics according to their properties Properties of fabrics of a fabric sample Shine Smoothness Softness Wrinkle Shattering Strength Dry Wet Combustion
Determination of the fibrous composition of the fabric Materials, tools, devices: samples of fabrics from artificial and synthetic fibers, a needle, a vessel with water, crucibles for igniting threads. How to perform the work 1. Examine the tissue samples. Determine which of them have a shiny surface, and which have a matte surface. 2. Determine by touch the degree of smoothness and softness of the samples. 3. Determine the creasability of the samples by holding them in your fist for 30 seconds and then straightening them. 4. Remove two threads from each sample. Soak one of them. Break the dry thread first, then the wet thread. Determine how the strength of the thread has changed. 5. Remove one strand from the samples and ignite in the crucible. Analyze the type of flame, smell and residues of combustion. 6. Complete the report table and determine the fiber content of each tissue sample.
Fixing the material Option 1 1. Artificial silk fiber is a fiber: a) acetate; b) polyester. 2. Artificial fibers include fibers: a) viscose; b) polyamide; c) acetate; d) polyester; 3. Fabrics made from artificial silk fibers have the following properties: a) do not wrinkle; b) shiny; c) hard; d) have good heat-shielding properties; e) do not slip when cutting; e) crumble a little. 4. The shedding of sections is stronger in fabrics: a) from woolen fiber; b) kapron threads; c) cotton fiber. Option 2 1. Synthetic fibers are obtained: a) from wood; b) oil; c) plants. 2. You can determine the fibrous composition of the fabric: a) by the color of the fabric; b) combustion test; c) appearance; d) touch. 3. When a synthetic fiber fabric is burned, the following is formed: a) gray ash; b) hard dark ball; c) a crumbling black ball. 4. Hygienic properties are better for fabrics: a) from cotton fiber; b) viscose fiber; c) polyacrylonitrile fiber.
natural fibers
Fibers consist of unspun strands of material or long, thin strands of thread. Fibers are used in nature by both animals and plants to hold tissues (biological).
Natural fibers are fibers that exist in nature in finished form, they are formed without the direct participation of man. This group includes fibers of plant, animal and mineral origin.
The main features for classification are: the chemical composition of the fibers and the area of their origin. The classification of natural fibers is shown in the figure.
Let's take a closer look at the main ones.
Natural fibers of animal origin
Silk - consists of fiber of animal (protein) origin. Silk threads are obtained from the cocoons of silkworm caterpillars. The silk group includes such fabrics as - veil, chiffon, crepe de chine, satin chesucha, crepe, crepe georgette, toile, fai, taffeta, brocade, foulard, etc. Traditionally, silk is considered one of the most expensive types of fabric. Products made of silk fabric are very light, durable, beautiful. They have a pleasant shine, well regulate body temperature. The disadvantages of silk include the fact that the fabric is very wrinkled and sensitive to ultraviolet rays. Often, another kind of fiber is added to natural silk fiber to obtain new interesting textures and various spectacular weaves. It is worth noting that artificial and synthetic silk fabrics are also produced.
Wool - natural fibers of animal (protein) origin. Animal hair is used as a raw material - sheep wool, camel wool, llama wool, rabbit wool, etc. The group of woolen fabrics includes: twill, cloth, tweed, boston, carpetcott, cheviot, duvetin, etc. The wool of various animals differs in quality, properties and applications. the only general characteristics all types of wool - this is an exceptional quality to keep warm. A significant amount of wool (94-96%) for the textile industry is supplied by sheep breeding. Natural wool fabrics are soft, elastic, light, breathable. The thickness of the fabrics can be different, there are both thick and thin woolen fabrics. Wool fabrics practically do not wrinkle.
Natural fiber of mineral origin: asbestos
natural fiber mineral vegetable
Asbestos (Greek: indestructible) is the collective name for a group of fine-fiber minerals from the silicate class. In nature, these are aggregates with a spatial structure in the form of the thinnest flexible fibers. It is used in a wide range of applications, such as construction, the automotive industry and rocket science. By chemical composition asbestos is hydrous silicates of magnesium, iron, calcium and occurs in rocks in the form of veins and veins.
Natural plant fibers
Cellulose is the main constituent of plant fibers. This solid, hardly soluble substance, consists of C6H10O5 units. In addition to cellulose, plant fibers contain waxes, fats, proteins, dyes, etc.
Cotton is a natural fiber of plant origin. Cotton is produced from the fibers of the seeds of cotton plants. Based on cotton, satin, batiste, gauze, chintz, denim, flannel, canine, teak, calico, voile, percale, nansuk, organdy, pique, poplin, veil and other fabrics are produced. The advantages of cotton fabric are: strength, high wear resistance, alkali resistance and elasticity. The fabric is warm, soft and pleasant to the touch, absorbs moisture well, does not electrify. The disadvantage of the fabric is high wrinkling due to a small proportion of elastic deformation. Sometimes viscose is added to the fabrics of the cotton group, and then an amazing sheen or pattern appears on their matte surface.
Flax is a natural and environmentally friendly vegetable fiber. The stalk is the raw material for the production of flax. herbaceous plant with the same name. Linen fabrics are hygienic, durable, soft to the touch, with good moisture and breathable properties. However, linen fabrics, due to their slight extensibility and low elasticity, are extremely wrinkled and poorly ironed, and also shrink quite a bit when washed. Most often, linen products are produced in a natural color (from gray to beige). They have a nice sheen.
Jute has long been used to make rope and burlap, and as a natural backing for carpets and linoleum. Jute fiber is obtained from a plant of the same name, which grows mainly in India and Bangladesh. Woven jute flooring is softer than coconut or sisal, so it is only suitable for areas where there is no heavy traffic, such as bedrooms. Here, the texture of jute products will be an additional advantage - it is pleasant to walk on them barefoot.
Coconut fiber (coir) is obtained from nuts coconut tree. Durable and resilient floor coverings are made from coir - carpets, mats and door mats. Coconut fiber is extremely durable, but it is prickly and difficult to dye.
Hemp (hemp fiber) is extremely durable, does not rot and is not afraid of salt water, and does not fade or deteriorate in bright light. Hemp grown for the textile industry does not contain active narcotic components. It grows beautifully and does not need chemical protection or top dressing. They make hemp and coarse cloth from it. Combined with other, softer natural fibers, hemp is the raw material for light and comfortable fabrics that can be used in a wide variety of ways.
Rattan is a liana that grows in Southeast Asia. Baskets, mats and chair seats are woven from rattan fibers.
Sisal is incredibly strong and durable. This coarse natural fiber is obtained from agave leaves. Sisal mats, mats and rugs can be used in high traffic areas. The material is softer than coconut fiber, but coarser than wool. Sisal does not have water-repellent properties, water stains remain on it. But it is easy to dye, and the choice of colors here is greater than in the case of other natural fibers.
Topic:Fiber introduction: appearance, use.
Types of fibers.
Lesson Objectives:
familiarize yourself with natural chemical fibers
learn to distinguish fibers by their composition
to acquaint with the range of woolen and silk fabrics, their properties
implementation of interdisciplinary communications (biology)
education of care, frugality
Lesson objectives:
recognition of fabrics made of synthetic fibers and natural
know the name of fabrics made of synthetic fibers, their properties, the rules for caring for products made from them
be able to take into account the properties of fabrics made of synthetic fibers when choosing them for a particular product, recognize fabrics made of synthetic fibers
Object of labor :
cotton fabrics, linen, linen fabrics, yarn, wool, plain weave.
Equipment:
educational collections "Fibres", "Wool", "Silk"
Textbook “Technology. Sewing business 5th grade.
handouts (fabric samples, templates)
During the classes:
1. Organizational moment .
Checking students' readiness for the lesson.
2. Knowledge update.
Today in the lesson we will talk about fabrics, their properties and whether Everyday life this knowledge. Clothes and underwear are sewn from fabric. Different kinds fabrics are used in the manufacture of many things necessary in our daily lives. When we put on any thing, we don’t even think about how fabrics are obtained and from what raw materials.
Ancient records show that the first fibers that man used to make threads were nettle and hemp fibers. Currently using a large number of various fibers, both natural and chemical.
What types of fibers do you know?
Student responses.
3. Study of new material.
Fiber- used in the textile industry to make textile materials such as fabric, thread or artificial fur.
There are two main types of fibers:natural Andchemical .
Fiber classification:
Natural fibers are divided for fibers:
Animal origin: based on proteins - wool, mohair, alpaca, cashmere, vicuña, camel hair, angora and silk.
Plant origin: based on cellulose - cotton, linen, ramie, sisal, hemp and jute.
The only exception is viscose, which appeared much earlier; viscose is produced from waste wood and cotton fiber. Viscose is between natural and synthetic fibers, because it is produced artificially, but from natural cellulose material.
Cotton - of plant origin, covering the seeds , the most important and cheapest, common plant fiberCotton fabric has received a wide range of applications. It is actively used for tailoring and bed linen.
Linen - vegetable fiberorigin, is the second most important type of plant fibers after cotton, used in the textile industry for the manufacture of many products: fabrics, tablecloths, napkins, etc.
The process, as a result of which a continuous thread is obtained from the fibers - yarn, is called spinning. The spinning mill employs people of various professions. The main profession of the spinning industry is the spinner. The finished yarn goes to the weaving factory, where it is used to make fabric.
The process of obtaining fabric from yarn is called weaving. Fabric is made on weaving tanks, on which weavers work. The fabric is obtained by weaving threads.
4. Physical education
Animal fibers
In the group of natural fibers, the main type in terms of volume of use is, of course, wool - it is so popular that some knitters call any yarn wool, regardless of what fibers this yarn consists of. Sheep wool yarn is warm, elastic, durable and dyes very well.
natural fibers- these are fibers that exist in nature in finished form, they are formed without the direct participation of man.
Wool - the hairline of mammals, which has spinning qualities. Wool fibers are made up of the natural protein keratin.
Silk - a product of the secretion of special silk-secreting glands of some insects (mulberry silkworm, oak silkworm). Natural silk threads consist of polymers of natural proteins fibroin and sericin.
Chemical fibers depending on the composition of the raw materialare divided into artificial and synthetic.
artificial obtained from natural organic materials (waste wood, cotton) by special treatment with various chemicals: acetone, nitric, sulfuric and acetic acids. (viscose, acetate silk, nitro silk).
Synthetic fibers obtained by chemical processing of various substances: oil, coal, gases. From these substances, high-molecular resins are obtained, which are the feedstock for the production of synthetic fibers: lavsan, capron, nylon, nitron.
5. Consolidation of the studied material.
Questions for consolidation.
What types of textile fibers did you meet today?
List the types of natural fibers.
List the types of chemical fibers.
What is wool?
How is silk fiber obtained?
Workplace cleaning.
Fibers are composed of substances that belong to high-molecular compounds - polymers. Of the substances found in nature, polymers include, for example, cellulose - the main part of plant fibers, keratin and fibroin - the main protein substances that make up wool and silk.
The most important natural textile fiber is cotton. These are the hairs on cotton seeds. At ginneries, raw cotton, which is a large number of cotton seeds covered with cotton fiber, is cleaned from plant impurities (parts of bolls, leaves, etc.) that have fallen during the cotton harvest, and then the fibers are separated from the seeds for special machines- fiber separators. Then the fiber is pressed into bales.
The length of cotton fibers is different - from 10.3 to 60 mm. Cotton fiber is thin (average thickness - 20-22 microns), but very durable. It's cheap and paints well.
From cotton, a fine, uniform and durable yarn is obtained and a wide variety of fabrics are made from it - from the finest batiste and voile to thick upholstery fabrics.
Textile fibers are also obtained from the stems and leaves of plants. Such fibers are called bast and leaf. They are thin (linen, ramie) and coarse (hemp, jute, etc.). Various fabrics are made from fine fibers, ropes and ropes are made from coarse fibers.
Wool has long been known to people. The main mass of wool (up to 95%) is given by sheep. In terms of its importance for the national economy, wool ranks second after cotton. She has a lot valuable properties: it is light, conducts heat poorly and absorbs moisture well.
Sheep are sheared either once a year - in the spring (while the wool is removed in a continuous layer - a fleece), or twice - in spring and autumn. When sheared in autumn, the wool is obtained in the form of shreds.
At primary processing factories - wool washers - wool is freed from dirt and impurities. Fleece, identical in its properties, is combined into common batches. Wool is used to make smooth yarn, as well as fluffy, thick yarn. On the surface of a smooth fabric, a pattern of interlacing of threads is clearly visible. Such fabrics are strong, light, wrinkle a little. Various clothes are sewn from them - dresses, suits, coats. From fluffy and thick yarn, heavier fabrics (cloth) are produced, having a greater thickness and a fleecy surface.
Wool is the only natural fiber from which various felts and other elastic and dense materials can be obtained by felting it.
Natural silk is obtained in this way. When the time comes for the silkworm caterpillar to turn into a chrysalis in order to become a butterfly, it releases a thin thread from itself, attaches it to a dry branch and weaves a shell-nest from this thread - a cocoon. Silk is made from these finest cocoon threads.
Silk cocoon threads consist of 2 silk filaments glued together with a special substance - sericin, their length reaches 400-1200 m. If you let the chrysalis turn into a butterfly and leave the cocoon, holes will appear in the silk shells. Such cocoons are very difficult to unwind. Therefore, the pupa is killed by treating the cocoons with hot air, and then, so that they do not rot, they are dried. Since the silk thread is very thin (its average thickness is 25-30 microns), when unwinding, the threads of several cocoons (from 3 to 10) are connected. In this case, the threads are firmly glued together with sericin. This thread is called raw silk.